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At present, the world is gradually entering the stage of transition to a low-carbon economy. New energy, renewable energy, non-fossil energy, electric vehicles, Internet of Things, smart grid, etc. are all important directions for technological breakthroughs, covering emerging power industries such as green power, green cars, green industries and green buildings. Technological progress and industrial development will promote industrial restructuring and economic growth, and will drive a new round of low-carbon economic development. “Core technology†and “low-carbon concept†are the two pillars of developing a low-carbon economy and are the two legs of building a low-carbon society.
Can't eat the loss of core technology
“Core technology†is an important pillar of industrial development. In the development of the previous round of information industry, because we lacked core technology, we can only be a big manufacturing country and rely on expanding production to maintain the industry. In the new round of development, we can no longer suffer from the lack of core technology. After 30 years of reform and opening up, the accumulation of talent, technology and economic base, we now have the conditions to develop core technologies.
The developed countries in the world attach great importance to the research and development of low-carbon technologies, mainly in three aspects: first, carbon reduction technologies, including energy conservation and emission reduction, clean and efficient use of coal, oil and gas resources and coalbed methane exploration and development technologies; Carbon-free technologies, including renewable energy technologies such as nuclear, solar, wind, and biomass; and third, decarbonization technologies such as carbon dioxide capture and storage. The EU invested €105 billion in green economy in 2013; the US Department of Energy recently invested $3.1 billion in carbon capture and storage technology research and development; the UK announced its Low Carbon Industry Strategy in July 2009. China's Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Fund Committee, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and many provinces and cities have deployed plans to develop low-carbon technologies. The Chinese Academy of Sciences launched the Solar Energy Action Plan in 2009.
China has made a good start in developing a low-carbon economy, but it has a big gap with the developed countries in terms of core technologies and must catch up. Energy-saving LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, such as one of carbon reduction technologies. LED directly converts electricity into light, which is the fourth representative of the human lighting revolution after fire, incandescent and fluorescent lamps. At the same brightness, LED lighting consumes only one-eighth of the energy consumed by incandescent lighting. In 2010, China's lighting power consumption is estimated to be more than 322.5 billion kWh; if more than one-third of the lighting is converted to LED, then one year can save nearly 100 billion kWh, save 12.29 million tons of standard coal, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 3473 Ten thousand tons. The National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology have plans to vigorously develop the semiconductor lighting industry. However, we are mainly doing LED packaging and application. Most of the chips rely on imports. Epitaxial wafers and chips account for 70% of the industry's profits. Most of them are abroad. Business acquisition. The quality of domestically produced chips is at least 5 years behind that of foreign countries.
In terms of carbon-free technology, although wind power is the fastest growing new energy industry in China, it has a complete machine capacity of 1.5MW or less, but some core components, such as bearings, converters, control systems, gearboxes, etc. The technical difficulties of production have been delayed. China's solar photovoltaic cell production has ranked first in the world. However, the silicon material preparation technology of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is backward, and there is a big gap with the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy, Norway and other countries - due to backwardness, the average energy consumption is the world. The advanced level is 1.5-2 times; the thin film solar cell technology is also very backward. It can only purchase the whole line equipment of foreign equipment suppliers. The so-called “turnkey project†makes most of the profits fall into the pockets of others, and the future equipment upgrades. And technology upgrades will rely on foreign equipment manufacturers, the situation is very unfavorable.
Low-carbon life starts from clothing, food, housing, use, and work
The “low carbon concept†is an important pillar for building a low carbon society. We must gradually form a low-carbon lifestyle, try our best to reduce energy consumption in our lives, pay attention to saving electricity, saving fuel, saving energy and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
One of the low-carbon concepts is to change the “convenience-consuming†hobby at the expense of high energy consumption. For example, open-type refrigerators in supermarkets consume 20% more electricity than glass door freezers. There are about 800 large and medium-sized supermarkets and 6,000 convenience stores in Shanghai. If the glass door freezer is widely used, customers only need to raise their hands when shopping, saving about 45.21 million kWh a year, which is equivalent to saving about 18,000 tons of standard coal and reducing carbon dioxide by about 45,000 tons.
The second low-carbon concept is to change the consumption habits of using “disposable†products. The reduction of 10% plastic bags nationwide can save about 12,000 tons of standard coal and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 310,000 tons. In addition, the use of disposable chopsticks and disposable paper cups can reduce wood consumption. The “one-time consumption†should be minimized and the recycling of resources should be promoted.
The third low-carbon concept is to change the hobby of “face consumption†and “luxury consumption†at the expense of a large amount of energy consumption and a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Low-carbon life can start from clothing, food, housing, use, and work. Clothing: Buying less unnecessary clothes can reduce CO2 emissions by 2.5 kg. Food: Eat more food, produce 1kg of beef to emit 36.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide, and 1 person to drink 0.5 kilograms of wine a year, which can reduce carbon dioxide by 1 kilogram. Live: No over-decoration. Replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps, one energy-saving lamp can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 68.6 kilograms per year; each air conditioner can be increased by 1 °C on the basis of 26 °C, and can reduce carbon dioxide by 21 kilograms per year. Turn off the power of the deactivated appliance in time. Line: use public transportation more, air-conditioned vehicles properly control the temperature; use private cars in moderation; promote small cars, small displacement cars.
Developing a low-carbon economy and building a low-carbon society depend not only on the country's economic strategy, technological innovation capabilities, and the corresponding policy and institutional environment, but also on the “low-carbon concept†of each citizen.
(The author is a representative of the National People's Congress, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, researcher of the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of the Shanghai Solar Cell Research and Development Center) 