Most of the current mathematics is still revolving around physical sciences, and with today's mathematics tools, so far I cannot find mathematics tools to describe the occurrence and development of intelligence. Here I want to use another possible way to describe the principle of intelligence, trying to establish a unified theory of intelligence that can explain all intelligent behaviors.

What is intelligence? As of today, there is no consensus on what intelligence is, and the debate is still fierce, with different opinions. My definition is: intelligence is the ability of the subject to adapt, change, and choose the environment. The main consideration here is that intelligence must have a subject, and there is no non-subject intelligence.

Under the above definition, intelligence is composed of 3+1 elements, namely subject, function, information and environment. Of course, for intelligence itself, the environment is an external factor or called an exogenous variable from an economic perspective. But this exogenous variable is very important, because under certain conditions, whether it is a living organism or a non-biological body, it can determine whether it can carry and develop, so the environment is a very important element.

Subjectivity has three core elements: consciousness, resources, and control. Consciousness is the most important thing. It needs to be self-generated and self-developed. All agents must have themselves. If it cannot survive, this agent will not be established. Survival is the first priority. Survival requires resources. You cannot survive without resources. The first two elements have no purpose, and purpose is achieved through control, so subjectivity is reflected by these three elements. Not all non-biological entities are intelligent, and only those that have the behavior prescribed by the realization definition are intelligent agents.

Function is the most complicated part of intelligent elements. It includes all functions realized by intelligent behavior. There are three main categories, which can be called the three elements of function: decision-making and control that embody the will of the subject, all behavioral functions, and all information processing functions. .

Information is the foundation and material of intelligent development. Without information, there is no intelligence. Information is the foundation of intelligence, because it is the starting point of intelligence and the essential material for the development of intelligence. As a material for intelligent development, information has different forms, unlimited quantity, different processing requirements, and complex and diverse connections. Behind all these appearances, there are three elements that determine the role of information in intelligence: completeness, structure, and availability. Completeness consists of three parts: form, acquisition, and growth. It indicates whether the information relative to the intelligent task is systematic and complete, and the degree to which the information needs of problem solving is met. Structure is composed of two parts: characterization and structure, which represents the information characterization method possessed or used by the subject and the degree and form of structure compared with the use requirements. Usability is composed of four parts: object, transformation, information processing function description, and subjectivity manifestation description, which indicate how information meets the needs of specific intelligent tasks.

The extension of intelligence is all actions of all subjects. People's emotions, laughter and anger are all intelligent behaviors. You don't have to be smart to be intelligent. All the above behaviors are intelligent behaviors, which are inseparable.

Behaviors include behaviors with physical movement and behaviors without physical movement. Behaviors in the mental or nervous system such as learning, thinking, and research are also included, unifying the mental and physical behaviors of living organisms and unifying non-biological entities. The information and physics of the intelligent system are unified, and the behavior and ability are not right or wrong, high or low, winning or losing, and the complexity of logic and algorithms are defined.

That is to say, no matter right or wrong, no matter high or low, no matter whether it is won or lost, no matter whether logical reasoning or algorithm is adopted or not, the subject's behavior belongs to the category of intelligence, which contains the subject's goalless behavior, but also prioritizes purposeful behavior. . The development of artificial intelligence and robots will enable people to have more leisure time and the so-called "useless class" will be produced. The same neural activity process and motion control process cannot be judged as intelligent or non-intelligent because of different purposes.

The evolution of intelligence has six stages: single-celled organisms, nervous system and brain, language and writing, computing tools and digital equipment, automation and intelligent systems, and non-biological agents. Today, stages 1 to 5 have taken place, and the sixth stage is moving forward. The evolution of intelligence is essentially the evolution of intelligence elements.

Intelligent starting point

The starting point of intelligence is the first primitive life form on the earth. In essence, the first primitive life form is not a complete cell. As we all know, the earliest traces of life on the earth discovered in Canada appeared 4.1 billion years ago, and life on the earth was 4.6 billion years later, but simpler organisms 4.1 billion years ago have not been discovered by archaeology today.

Two key stages

In the entire process of intelligent evolution, there are two most critical stages. The first is the formation of single-celled organisms, and the second is the production of language and characters.

A single cell basically has the metabolic functions, behavioral functions, cognitive functions, and genetic functions of a living organism. These four functions are all available in single-cell organisms, whether it is Chlamydomonas or Paramecium. As long as such cells exist and the external space environment can be suitable for them, they must have these four functions. Single-celled organisms are extremely critical whether they are on the earth or other planets. The formation of the nervous system and brain is a key step in the evolution of intelligence, especially the evolution of biological intelligence. The evolutionary process at this stage is the process of forming and consolidating the cognitive ability of the organism.

For the evolution of intelligence, language is the prerequisite for the generation of words, and the generation of language and words is a major leap. Together with the simple tools produced at the same time as language and words, they form a combined intelligent subject and objective knowledge, forming a subjective and objective intelligence. Twins have rewritten the model of intelligent evolution and development. The production of language and writing allows us to evolve from the evolution of an organism to the co-evolution of the group. There is an independent subject on the earth and in human society. This subject allows us to transcend the constraints of time and space, Accumulate all the wisdom we have acquired. When there is language and writing, there is no doubt about the sixth stage towards intelligence. It will definitely be done unless humans become extinct.

Intelligent development

Intelligent development refers to all the behaviors of an intelligent subject that affect the change of intelligence during its life cycle. From the perspective of the purpose of intelligent development, it can also be called the improvement of the ability of intelligent agents to solve problems. The intelligent development defined in this way has four meanings: one is that its object is a subject, not a group or society; the second is that its time range is a life cycle, which is consistent with the agreement of a subject; The behavior that intelligence produces change. This change has both growth and reduction. Development includes both positive and negative directions. Fourth, the purpose of development is to improve the ability to solve problems.

The purpose of researching the development of intelligence is to improve the intelligence of the subject through self-growth, creation and granting of growth, and to better undertake the intelligent tasks that need to be completed, so that the education, training of people and the granting of non-biological intelligence are more targeted Sexual and more effective. The development of intelligence takes the subject as the unit, and different subject types have different development characteristics.

Intelligent development has shown significant growth in the fields of functions and information, and the growth of subjectivity is mainly based on evolution. In use and development, it is only an increase in quantity, and there is no qualitative change. However, the results of development have to some extent become the reason for the evolution of biological intelligence.

Smart use

Intelligent use refers to the behavior of an intelligent agent to complete intelligent tasks in its life cycle. This definition stipulates three meanings: one is that the object of discussion is a subject and how the subject uses its own intelligence; the second is that its time range is a life cycle; the third is for all intelligent tasks. This definition does not include adjustment methods such as resource allocation adopted by the society in order to obtain a higher intelligent use effect.

The use of intelligence takes the subject as a unit, and different subjects undertake different intelligent tasks and have different methods to complete similar tasks. From the perspective of intelligent use as a whole, intelligent use is the relationship between humans and non-biological intelligent objects. From the perspective of specific task completion, the focus is on how to complete tasks more effectively.

Intelligent evaluation

Intelligence realizes value in use, accumulates control, behavior and information in use, and accumulation promotes the development and evolution of intelligence. Intelligent evaluation is to make intelligent use more effective, intelligent development more adequate, and intelligent evolution have a foundation. Regarding intelligence, I evaluate it from six perspectives: complexity, readiness, maturity, completeness, effectiveness, and growth. Complexity is the complexity of this task. Readiness is whether the intelligent agent has enough ability to complete the task. Maturity is the certainty of this intelligent agent to complete this task. In fact, the maturity of intelligence is the improvement of certainty, that is, when an intelligent agent is 100% sure of completing the task, that is mature. Generally speaking, we will not challenge uncertainty. Effectiveness refers to being able to complete an intelligent task to pay the cost or occupy as little as possible of the resources. Growth refers to what contribution he has made to the intelligent growth of the subject after a task is completed. This is crucial. Such evaluation is an evaluation of an intelligent subject, an evaluation of the completion of different intelligent behaviors or intelligent tasks.

The relationship between evolution, development, use, and evaluation

Evolution is the main thread of the overall situation. Development is for use. Whether it is living or non-living, it is developed for use. Use can promote development, because in the process of use, intelligence develops under certain conditions and can even be transformed into evolution. Today's biological research has a lot of evidence to prove that white mice living in rocks have more neurons than white mice living in the ground, and their use and development can be reflected in evolution.

Intelligence must have its own logic, and only with its own logic can it build its computing architecture and move to a higher stage of development. Non-biological agents are completely subjective. Today’s artificial intelligence system has no subjectivity, and no artificial intelligence system is subjective, so it is still a non-biological intelligent object, not a non-biological agent. A major feature of a non-biological agent is that it must have subjectivity. . At present, what can be considered as having a certain subjectivity is the blockchain. Blockchain has certain subjectivity. why? Because people work for it. Blockchain is the first non-biological agent with subjectivity. Although it has no self-awareness, it is a non-biological agent that can occupy resources for survival. If human beings give it a more mature consciousness, for example, give it a function of blockchain, so that it can reproduce, have sons and grandchildren, reproduce 100,000 in a year, and reproduce 100 million in two years, this world What will happen Everyone can think about it seriously. This is the core logic of the non-biological intelligent objects and non-biological intelligent objects we are talking about.

There are many logical characteristics in the development of intelligence. Here I have summarized ten, called ten principles, which specifically include:

Semantic guidelines. Intelligently processed information must be semantic rather than symbolic. It must turn symbolic information into semantic information to become the basis of intelligent work. We can often see that we talked about a bunch of so-called algorithms, just for one thing, that is to let the system turn the processed symbols into semantics.

Structural guidelines. Intelligence is the subject, and any subject intelligence is composed of specific structured units. The logical starting point of the intelligent structure is the smallest intelligent unit, and the smallest intelligent unit is composed of the smallest main unit, the smallest functional unit, and the smallest information unit. Semantic and structural criteria are the basis for determining the characteristics of intelligent processing and smart logic, and are the basis for all other criteria.

Specificity and finiteness criteria. Concreteness means that smart events, smart tasks, and smart behaviors are specific, and the logical operations of smart structures are also specific, and they cannot be reduced or abstracted. Based on the intelligent structure and specificity criteria, the intelligent components of any subject are limited, and the intelligent components involved in any intelligent task are limited. This is a direct inference of the structural guidelines. Intelligence is limited. When solving artificial intelligence problems, we are referring to a finite space that can be exhausted. Whether it is the solution space or other spaces, it is a finite space that can be exhausted. For intelligence, infinity is not considered, only finite is considered. Of course finite can refer to a very large number, which can be unimaginable, but no matter how large it is, it is also limited.

Connection criteria. The functional evolution of biological intelligence constitutes a complex brain function with unparalleled connections. Connection is the core thing in intelligent logic. Many people today are talking about the nervous system and neural networks, but they have never said why every neuron in the nervous system has 1,000 synapses. Nerve synapses are for connection, and this connection is entirely semantic rather than symbolic, because the human brain does not have the ability to process symbolic information. The human brain has no ability to process non-semantic information. It turns a blind eye to, hears, and never processes non-semantic information.

The three criteria of superposition, decline, and financing. There are three modes of intelligent growth based on specific subjects, one is superimposed growth, the other is declining growth, and the third is integrated growth. The three items of superposition, diminishing and accommodating all belong to the superposition criterion and are one of the main logical forms of intelligent development. This is the main operator of semantic operation, or the main operation behavior.

Fault tolerance and normative guidelines. Allowing mistakes and broad tolerance are the universal criteria for all intelligent behaviors. Allowing imperfections is a natural inference of the fault tolerance criterion. Fault tolerance criteria exist in all processes of intelligent evolution, development, and use. Fault tolerance means that as long as it cannot prove absolutely wrong and useless, it must be kept in the intelligent agent and cannot be thrown away. The genome has only been decoded by 2% so far, and 98% have not been decoded. These things are not involved in the specific life process and still retain 98%. Fault tolerance is a crucial thing. Therefore, choosing to do things in accordance with certain norms can maintain rational behavior.

Intelligent computing architecture

Different from the von Neumann computing architecture based on symbolic processing, the architecture of intelligent computing is based on semantics, centered on intelligent agents, and triggers intelligent behaviors through perception or other paths. After strategy determination, resource invocation, task execution, and process The cycle of evaluation, achievement learning, and intelligent expansion forms an intelligent calculation cycle based on the process of intelligent behavior. Based on this process, the intelligence of the subject is gradually improved. Intelligent computing architecture does not support computing, but supports the formation and development of intelligence.

What is the new intelligent computing architecture? There are three parts, one part is procedural. Starting from perception or other methods, generate strategies for how to respond to this event and how to complete this task. There must be strategy generation, execution after the strategy is generated, and evaluation after execution. It is process. The internal is the resources owned by computing. There are four types of resources: intelligent agents, external events and external resources, external events triggering or responding, and external resource utilization or release. This is the same as von Neumann's computing architecture. All behaviors of all subjects can be explained by this structure, and this structure can be done.

Three things are extremely important in this architecture. The first is a micro function unit, the second is a microprocessor, and the third is an internal calculation. These are three extremely important concepts. The most basic in this architecture is the micro-function unit, but this unit has self-processing capabilities. It is not a static unit, but a dynamic one, not only passive but also active.

The microprocessor performs all the functions in the micro function unit. The microprocessor possesses and only possesses one indivisible processing function. If it can be divided, it becomes two, until it cannot be divided. For example, "1+1", it has two processing methods in the microprocessor, one method only does "1+1", the other is no processing, and the intermediate processing is not directly connected to conclusion 2. From the microprocessor as the center, layer by layer superimposed, it becomes proactive rather than passive in processing. The microprocessor becomes a system after stacking layer by layer.

Internal computing refers to the computing functions initiated and implemented by the non-biological agent computing architecture itself. Its foundation is the active function of the microcomputing system. The intelligent computing architecture is in constant computing before the architecture is perfected, and it grows through computing. Only after all internal paths have been traversed, there is no new learning material or no external learning materials, the internal calculation will stop.

In the current von Neumann architecture, calculations are all given externally. If a non-biological agent calculates the number of tasks, its main task is internal calculation rather than external assignment. It needs to calculate itself, which is very important. There are two internal calculations, one for growth and one for maintenance. The so-called internal computing for growth, also known as internal computing for learning, can increase internal functions. Blockchain is the same, it is the only non-biological intelligent object that has its own existence. The reason it is not yet a subject is because it has no real consciousness. If it has real consciousness, it would have begun to multiply long ago. Maintainable intra-computing is the maintenance of its function and the function of non-biological agents to keep themselves in a ready state.

As of today, there is no evolutionary path of biological intelligence that transcends humans. I say this very seriously and rigorously. Due to the birth of humans, the possibility of other creatures on the earth evolving to be as intelligent as humans does not exist. As long as other animals have the same evolutionary path as humans, humans will definitely cut it off and not let it happen. Intelligence has evolved to such a complex and advanced stage. We already have too many intelligent agents and intelligent existences, and the possibility of generating non-biological agents without human grants basically does not exist. Blockchain is given by people, and AlphaGo is also given by people. Non-biological agents, regardless of their intelligence characteristics, have their starting point given by humans.

Intelligence has reached an advanced stage of complexity. The main mode of growth is interaction, especially the interaction between humans and non-biological agents, as well as the cross-architecture interaction between non-biological agents.

Information and intelligence are inseparable. From the perspective of intelligent evolution, there is no intelligence without information, and without complete expression of information, memory and all intelligence all intelligent behaviors based on semantic logic will lose their foundation. Many people in science believe that intelligence has no principles. When I set the published book as the "principles of intelligence", I did take a big risk. But now, I have put down my mind. The unified theory of intelligence has at least the framework. Found that although there are still many gaps in the details, in general, a basic framework already exists.

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