Broadband communication technology solutions

Today's broadband solutions are very complex. Semiconductor manufacturers must integrate various innovative technologies to provide low-power and low-cost system solutions to meet the requirements of OEMs, service providers, and users. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to various broadband infrastructures, access methods, and home network technologies, as well as an in-depth discussion of the key technical building blocks necessary to provide end-to-end broadband connections between infrastructure and terminal devices; finally, this The article will also explain why TI is best qualified to provide a complete end-to-end broadband solution.

The evolution of broadband services Broadband communications include the necessary technology and equipment to provide packetized digital voice, video and data services to users; broadband not only brings users high-speed and always-on Internet connections, but also allows service providers to provide various added value Services to increase your operating income. Due to the rapid growth of the Internet, manufacturers are building large-scale cross-city high-speed communication trunks, connecting PoPs (Points of Presence) computer room locations in the world ’s most populated areas with network service providers, and the construction of trunk infrastructure or core networks Mainly through optical transmission technology.

From the home or SME office to the trunk infrastructure is the last line of network construction. Although broadband online technology has been used to solve the problem of insufficient bandwidth of this line, this technology is still in the early stage of application; According to a recent research report from Yankee Group, less than 14% of households in the United States have broadband Internet connections among residential Internet users.

As home users begin to have broadband lines, people's lives and work styles have also changed. In the past, users who connected to the Internet through dial-up modems must be patient and wait to download web data from the Internet. Now these users have turned to broadband Online services; they found that after using broadband lines, the transmission speed has been greatly improved, which not only makes web browsing faster, but also provides many other advantages. For example, the higher connection rate enables various multimedia applications, such as real-time network audio streaming, displaying digital photos or sending it to friends and relatives, watching news events and movie trailers, and using virtual reality before booking Environmental technology understands the situation of hotels, restaurants and tourist attractions. On the other hand, because the broadband line uses fixed connection technology, users can access the Internet at any time, which is completely different from the traditional dial-up method. Because of this, broadband line users usually keep the computer on and use the Internet to do some daily tasks, such as querying TV program tables or phone numbers; in contrast, traditional dial-up lines are not only slow, they must also be connected Start working only after being connected. The appearance of broadband lines also means that when users go online, the phone line can still be used normally; consumers do not need to install a second line, they can also use the phone to talk to others while surfing the Internet for information.

The home broadband line also has another important impact. It brings users an environment as if they are in an office. They can use the telephone line and computer connection at the same time, high-speed Internet access and corporate network e-mail access, file sharing and connection To the enterprise server, to realize the desire of electronic commuting (telecommute).

After you have a home broadband line, you will find that if you have multiple personal computers in your home, you must share the line with other members of the family. Under this consideration, people began to install a local area network at home. After the establishment of the authority's local area network, people wanted to use it to share files or scanners. In fact, people can already perform many functions remotely through the Internet, such as monitoring the situation at home, looking at children in nurseries, understanding the current traffic conditions, and enjoying high-quality music through Internet radio.

Figure 1 lists the main driving forces and impact of broadband growth. TI believes that in future broadband homes, various multimedia information will be sent to personal terminals of broadband homes through broadband lines, and multimedia content, including video, audio, voice, and data, will also be transmitted between each terminal device.

Driving forces  The need for high-speed connection, streaming video and audio  Home network: There are many personal computers and network appliances in the home  Personalization: The service content planned for personal needs  Gradually changing from the world of personal computers to the world of network devices Trunk infrastructure will provide higher transmission capacity (and QoS)

Impact impact  Every home and office will use more bandwidth  Infrastructure must provide higher transmission capacity  End-to-end connection must provide QoS
 Mature and coexisting home network standards  Audio / video / audio is distributed in various locations in homes and offices  Network appliances, end points and services scattered in the home network  Security mechanisms to protect consumers, suppliers and content

Figure 1: The driving force and impact of broadband growth

Broadband connection Figure 2 shows broadband lines extending from the core infrastructure to end-user devices such as personal computers, personal digital assistants, telephones, televisions, and digital cameras. The infrastructure gateway provides the broadband access capability to the packetized infrastructure. The client device access gateway uses one or more home network technologies to extend the broadband access line to the end user device.

Broadband access technology To solve the connection problem of the last section of the line, manufacturers have introduced a variety of broadband access technologies, including:
• Cable modem • Digital subscriber loop (DSL)
• Optical fiber • 2.5G and 3G mobile phones • Wireless Ethernet cable TV cable cable operators are updating their lines so that they can support data and voice services in addition to traditional video services, providing broadband access capabilities, and Replace existing telephone lines. The cable modem terminal system (Cable Modem Terminal System) connects to the client cable modem and provides broadband access services. Most cable modems provide an Ethernet interface that can be connected to a personal computer or connected to multiple personal computers through a small router. Today ’s cable TV lines usually provide a data download rate of 500 kbps to 2 mbps and an upload rate of 128 kbps. The new generation of cable modem technology will also significantly increase the available bandwidth and support a variety of interactive applications, such as video conferencing and high-end online video.

IP telephony is one of many services that coaxial cables can provide. For cable operators, IP telephony enables them to also support voice services, which is currently still only available to telephone companies.

Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL)
DSL is a copper wire loop transmission technology. As long as a DSL modem is installed on both the client and the central office, data can be transmitted through ordinary telephone lines at high speed. DSL lines can be divided into many types to meet different technical requirements of different environments and applications, for example, the distance between the client and the office (called the online distance) and the data rate are very important technical trade-offs. Asymmetric digital subscriber loop ADSL is mainly used for residential services. This technology uses the fact that there are many cables entering the central office room, so the crosstalk interference of the copper line at the central office will be more serious than the client. ADLS can provide a maximum of 8 Mbps from the local end to the client downlink rate and 1 Mbps from the client to the local side upload rate, which can fully meet the needs of today's home applications, because in this type of application, most of the bandwidth Both are used to send data from the central office to the client.

Symmetric digital subscriber loop SDSL is a low-cost solution for SMEs, and can be used as a competitive alternative to T1 and E1 lines. ITU-T standard G.991.2, also known as g.shdsl, is a new standard introduced by the International Telecommunication Union to replace the manufacturer's proprietary SDSL standard; G.shdsl data rate can be from 192 Kbps to 2.3 Mbps, online distance It is 30% more than SDSL.

VDSL (Very-high-bit-rate DSL) can support symmetric or asymmetric services at the same time, and asymmetric VDSL can provide users with a data rate of up to 52 Mbps, so it is very suitable for high data rate applications, such as real-time video streaming. However, in order to provide such high data rates, the connection distance of asymmetric VDSL is also limited. The customer must be located very close to the central office, or install the infrastructure access gateway to the remote terminal device close to the customer.

When constructing new infrastructure for optical fiber, if there are no ready-made copper lines available, the manufacturer will choose to build optical fiber lines; access the network architecture through various areas, such as FTTH / B (fiber to home / building), FTTCab (fiber to Cabinet) and FTTC (fiber to cell), fiber optic technology brings sufficient bandwidth to the network and supports various new services and applications. The manufacturer will connect an optical cable from the central office to the user's vicinity, and then use a passive optical splitter (passive opTIcal splitters) to provide point-to-multipoint broadband connectivity, this method is also known as passive optical network (Passive OpTIcal Network); In the FTTCab or FTTC architecture, the signal will be converted and then connected to the user through the copper line. Because these cabinets are located near the user, the length of the copper line will not exceed 3,000 feet, so it can provide high data rate xDSL access capability.

In addition to traditional voice functions for 2.5 and 3G mobile phones, new generation mobile phones are also beginning to provide high-speed data capabilities. The current 2G mobile phone can only reach a data transmission rate of 9.6 kbps. The new 2.5G service not only brings higher bandwidth to users, but also provides fixed-line data services. The 2.5G network currently mainly uses two technologies, namely GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM and TDMA / 136 Evolution), and the third generation wireless communication technology can support higher data rates. The packet exchange process is based on IP, allowing Internet data to pass through gateways of telecommunication manufacturers with higher efficiency, and a larger bandwidth can provide better integration of voice, data, and video signals. By providing data services through mobile phones, users can enjoy high-speed data access services no matter where they are, such as sitting in a moving car.

In addition to providing wireless data services through mobile phones, wireless Ethernet networks have also begun to use wireless Ethernet networks to provide broadband access services in public places, such as airports, hotels, stadiums, conference centers and cafes, which allow users to take advantage of Take a portable computer or personal digital assistant with you, and then enjoy a variety of high-speed Internet services through a universal access technology, whether in the office, at home, or on the road.

Home and enterprise network technology Today, although the vast majority of enterprises have begun to adopt some form of wired Ethernet local area network to meet their network needs, most families have not installed any network infrastructure. The main home network technologies currently include:
• Ethernet network • HPNA
• HomePlug
• Bluetooth • Wireless Ethernet Ethernet is the most widely used local area network technology, so there are many very low-cost Ethernet adapters on the market that can be used for personal computers or other devices. However, setting up an Ethernet network connection at home is still very expensive, and the installation steps are quite cumbersome, such as passing the cable through the pipeline inside the wall, installing the connection seat, and repairing the dry wall. Therefore, the installation of Ethernet cables will usually not be completed until the new building, but the industry has also developed other alternative technologies in order to use the existing telephone lines to simultaneously transmit local area network data and voice signals. Home Phone Networking (HPNA; Home Phone Networking Alliance) also defines operational interoperability standards for this technology; however, in most homes, the telephone sockets available for connecting to Ethernet networks are limited, so the cost of setting up new lines must also be resolved. At present, the industry has developed new technologies that can use the AC power line at home to transmit LAN data, so users can connect to the LAN from almost any room; on the other hand, when the application device is connected to the LAN, it must still be plugged in. Power socket, so that it is still caught by the wire.

To replace wired networks, the industry has developed several wireless connection standards, including Bluetooth and wireless Ethernet (wireless local area network). Bluetooth is mainly used to replace connecting cables between short-range and low-data-rate devices. Wireless Ethernet is a standard developed by IEEE 802.11. It maintains the compatibility and data rate of Ethernet networks and has been used in homes. , Enterprises and the public access network.

802.11b is the current wireless Ethernet standard. It uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technology, which can provide data rates up to 11 Mbps. This standard, also known as Wi-Fi ?, uses the 2.4 GHz band to transmit data and is currently widely used in offices, campuses, and homes. 802.11a is another version of this standard, which uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) technology, the application device can select a set of frequencies that do not interfere with each other, and perform multitask access to these frequencies , And then use these frequencies at the same time to provide higher bandwidth; 802.11a transmits data through the 5 GHz band at a rate of up to 54 Mbps. 802.11g is a new standard recently added to the 802.11 series. It increases the data rate of direct sequence spread spectrum technology to 22 Mbps and supports orthogonal frequency division multitasking in the 2.4 GHz band.

Wireless standards must address possible interference from other devices during transmission, including microwaves, wireless telephones, and other wireless standards that use the same frequency band; in addition, because data is transmitted wirelessly, strong and reliable encryption technologies are also required for security reasons.

Network standard Description Type Building requirements Maximum data rate Mbps
802.3 Ethernet network has too much capacity; hardware equipment has been commercialized. Wired new line 10/100
802.11 Ethernet network Wireless Ethernet network Wireless No wiring required 11/22/54
HPNA home network using existing telephone lines Wired some new lines 1/10/32
Bluetooth replaces short-distance cables wireless without wiring 1
HomePlug Home network using existing AC power lines AC power lines No new lines required 10

Figure 2: Home network technology broadband building blocks This section will discuss the technical building blocks necessary to develop broadband solutions. Semiconductor manufacturers need to design chips and software from the perspective of a complete solution, not just chips or chipsets; as shown in Figure 4, semiconductor manufacturers must have a variety of core competencies to meet many customer requirements. First of all, customers need flexible solutions, which must be able to support different scales of application requirements, ranging from end devices to client devices, and then to telecom manufacturer equipment. Programmable architecture is to meet the requirements of flexible applications. This architecture can easily and quickly complete software upgrades to provide new features, solve interoperability problems, increase work efficiency and support new standards.
Customer needs Competitive flexibility, speed, scalability to accommodate future new technologies, fast time to market for new products Programmable DSP
Highest efficiency, lowest power consumption, software tools, complete vertical solution, system-level design: DSP, RISC, analog mixed signal, network, software and software reuse, software compatibility, lowest power consumption, smallest area, lowest cost, highest system integration, and rapid system integration. , Cost-effective, inventory control, manufacturing capacity, new product time-to-market, reference design, start to profit in a shorter period of time, support technology, use of smart assets (patents), guarantee (Indemnification) huge number of patents

Figure 3: Customer needs and required core competitiveness To perform functions such as modulation, voice compression, and video processing, broadband technology requires a high-performance DSP to implement various signal processing algorithms. The industry has now stepped beyond the limitations of general-purpose DSPs. Began to adopt chip and software solutions optimized for specific vertical applications, including:
• DSP core • RISC processor core • Network interface, including Ethernet, Utopia, PCI, USB, 1394¼, etc. • The application program interface defines complete and well-defined software, including signal processing algorithms, protocol stacks, device drivers, Pre-ports of real-time operating systems (pre-ports), network management and application software • High-performance analog parts, including data converters and amplifier power management solutions, including power control and battery tubes • Digital modem technology for broadband communications • Wireless Radio frequency wireless technology of the device • VoP (Voice over Packet) technology, including voice compression, echo cancellation, dial tone processing, dial-up modem, Group 3 fax and telephone signaling • Network technology, including routing, switching, packet filtering, encryption The power consumption of these solutions and QoS network service quality must be very low, so that the end device can use battery or AC power, or the device has better scalability, to meet the limitations of power consumption and heat dissipation capacity of the infrastructure environment.
Cost has always been an important consideration. Customers want semiconductor manufacturers to provide the lowest cost solution. This refers to the entire customer solution, not just part of the semiconductor manufacturer. Therefore, semiconductor manufacturers must understand the total cost of equipment parts, such as integrating more functions into the chip solution, so that the solution no longer requires "sticking" logic. Manufacturers can also simplify the solution manufacturing process to reduce production costs, such as minimizing the number of printed circuit board layers, choosing appropriate component packaging, making it easier to install chips on the circuit board, and simplifying signal routing.
In order for products to enter the mass consumer market, customers must continue to reduce costs, so they hope that when manufacturers plan component development blueprints, they will also enable customers to significantly reduce the cost of subsequent product updates. To keep costs down, one of the keys is to have mass production facilities, advanced process technology and strong system integration capabilities.
In order to accelerate the time to market for new products for customers, semiconductor manufacturers must provide customer hardware reference platforms and integrated software, and the entire system must pass industry-standard compatibility tests, operational interoperability with products from other manufacturers, and products that pass actual working conditions.
The following subsections will discuss how to combine these building blocks to provide infrastructure equipment, premise access gateway equipment and broadband end devices.

Infrastructure equipment As shown in Figure 5, the broadband infrastructure gateway device is responsible for connecting broadband access services to the optical core network infrastructure (optical core network infrastructure; for gateways that provide multiple services, the multi-core DSP platform can assist in supporting A variety of broadband access technologies and traditional voice-grade services, including a high-speed processing engine and network interface communication processor will be responsible for performing communication protocol processing and network management functions, in addition it also requires high-speed aggregation logic (aggregation logic), in order to The packet processing operation is performed when the QoS function is provided.
The manufacturer hopes to set up a large number of end user lines in a limited space (remote terminal equipment in the central office or residential area), and at the same time limit the total power or total heat dissipation below a certain level. This demand drives the infrastructure to provide broadband access Gateway device.
To help service providers and OEMs better understand the technical requirements for high-density product implementation, TI took the lead in proposing the concept of "solution density". From a system engineering perspective, when evaluating a solution, you must understand how it combines system components to provide a solution with the lowest power consumption and the smallest area of ​​use without affecting system quality and functionality. Solution density refers to the optimization of the overall system architecture, but the following important factors must be considered:
• The power consumption of the solution, expressed in milliwatts (mW) consumed by each end-user channel • Solution density, expressed in number of end-user channels per square inch • Solution cost, including chips, hardware , Software and any intelligent financial authorization fees • System segmentation, including aggregation and routing of packets
• Software features, product functions are defined by them • Network management capabilities provide higher availability and reliability (availability and accountability)
To develop an optimal solution, the evaluation of cost, power consumption, and space used must be based on the entire system, and must be a function of system characteristics and supporting functions. For example, design engineers must consider the needs of external logic, such as external memory, aggregation logic, layout, and routing issues. In many systems, power consumption (heat dissipation) is a key consideration, which is more pronounced in high-density solutions; in other words, most solutions exhaust the power of the rack before exhausting the board area . To avoid computational and / or bandwidth bottlenecks of the entire system, while providing good scalability to support a large number of end-user connection ports, proper functional segmentation is also a key element.
Premises Access Gateway Equipment
As shown in Figure 6, the broadband line from the service provider will be connected to the central office access gateway device, which will serve as the end point of this set of lines, and at the same time transfer this set of lines to the home or office network. The communication processor, which includes a high-speed processing engine and a network interface, performs communication protocol operations such as bridging, routing, packet filtering, and firewall operations. Generally speaking, an office termination gateway can be connected to a broadband line, such as cable TV cable or digital subscriber loop, or fixed broadband wireless, but it can also support multiple LAN interfaces, such as wired Ethernet, Wireless Ethernet and Bluetooth.

Broadband End-Points
As shown in Figure 7, broadband end devices can be divided into many types, such as personal digital assistants, digital cameras, MP3 players, digital TVs, and IP phones; DSP is responsible for performing various multimedia operations, such as MP3 audio, MPEG4, and JPEG image processing; High-quality analog parts are very important for digital-to-analog conversion and analog-to-digital conversion. The cost of consumer devices must be very low, and the power consumption of portable palm devices must also be low, ensuring that the battery has a long enough power supply time. In addition, for devices that use external power sources, such as power from infrastructure, Ethernet, or USB interfaces, they must also comply with the power consumption restrictions of the interface, so the combination of low-power devices and low-power management technologies is very important.
TI broadband solutions
TI is the most qualified manufacturer because we have all the necessary technical and system knowledge and can provide complete and innovative solutions to OEM manufacturers. As shown in Figure 8, TI provides the following broadband and home network solutions:
• ADSL: infrastructure, residential gateways and client devices (personal computers and embedded)
• Cable TV cable: infrastructure (cable modem termination system) and client equipment (cable modem)
• Universal port remote access server (RAS) supporting POTS service: dial-up modem (V.90, V.92, V.34 ...), Group 3 fax and VoP
• VoP solution: infrastructure (high connection port density), client equipment (integrated access device) and end device (IP phone)
• Home network: Ethernet, 802.11a / b / g wireless Ethernet, Bluetooth • Integrated digital audio and video: MP3, MPEG4 and others

Only TI provides all the building blocks of an end-to-end solution. Because TI can support every system component from the end device to the infrastructure, it knows how and where to solve end-to-end problems, such as security, service quality, network management, and remote maintenance capabilities.

DSP and analog technology are the driving forces of mass production markets, such as digital wireless phones and broadband network equipment. TI is using its advantages in these markets to actively enter new product applications, including network audio, VoP, digital cameras, biomedical devices, e-mail terminal devices, Internet terminals, Internet-capable TV sets, video phones and other handhelds Type information appliances and more products. According to IDC ’s analysis earlier this year, sales of information appliances other than personal computers were about 11 million units or US $ 2.4 billion in 1999, and are expected to grow to about 90 million units or US $ 18 billion in 2004. . Although the differences between these products will be great, they still have some important common features: ease of use, portability, and a high degree of personalization; in addition, many of these products will also be connected together through fixed broadband lines.

TI's broadband solutions make full use of all the company's advantages to provide customers with high-functional integration technology innovation solutions, including:
• Leader of programmable DSP platforms-least cost, lowest power consumption and highest efficiency • Leader of analog technology-power signal conditioning and mixed signal • System, software and analog integration capabilities-best system-level integration • World-class Software tools and DSP value-added network-open system reduces time to market and development costs for new products for customers • Chip / SLI / ASIC technology-customer-specific system solutions
• Wisdom (patent)-innovative technology that can provide indemnification
Conclusion We have mastered all the necessary technical and system knowledge, and can provide complete and innovative solutions to OEM manufacturers, ranging from infrastructure equipment to end devices.

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