Part III: Drone Research Report

(Eight)

Development of drones in countries around the world

German "Simos" vertical takeoff and landing unmanned helicopter

German submarine shooting drone system

And British and Indian drones

Germany: "Simos" vertical takeoff and landing unmanned helicopter

The EADS Group's "SEAMO" vertical takeoff and landing unmanned helicopter speeded up the development because it will be equipped with the German Navy's K-130 light frigate. The K-130 is currently under construction at three prestigious shipyards in Germany. According to the plan, five K-130s will be in service from May 2007 to November 2008. The K-130 is regarded by the European and American media as the most advanced frigate in the world today. A good horse, "Simos" was also designed by the German Navy as one of the most advanced unmanned helicopters in the world.

Although there is a helicopter landing field on the K-130 light frigate, there is not much space. To deploy a drone , the drone must be fully automatic for vertical takeoff and landing. The "Simos" unmanned helicopter can meet this landing requirement of the K-130. In the test, "Simos" accurately landed on the deck of the ship that was passing through the rough seas with the help of a laser tracking navigation system.

"Simos" adopts a coaxial double-rotor structure. The fuselage has a total length of 2.89 meters, a height of 2.5 meters, and a maximum takeoff weight of 1.125 tons, including 350 kilograms of fuel and 180 kilograms of mission load. It is equipped with highly advanced reconnaissance equipment such as airborne radar and photoelectric sensors. In particular, its surveillance radar/forward-looking infrared dual-sensing system detects fast-moving ground (water) surface targets up to 60 km away. Its photoelectric sensor penetrates mist and dust in a typical naval battle environment. For ground reconnaissance, it can identify buildings and camouflage vehicles in the woods within a 4km radius.

The "Simos" patrol ranged 180 kilometers, much larger than the US "Simos". It cruises at a speed of 14.5 km/h and lasts for 4.5 hours. In the future, it may also be equipped with weapons and fire control systems to further improve operational effectiveness. The German Navy hopes that its many features are no less than the US Navy's "Simos" unmanned helicopter. It seems that this goal is likely to surpass.

German submarine shooting drone system

Germany's Gabelle Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. cooperated with EMT Engineering and Technology Co., Ltd. to develop a submarine-launched UAV system, the Naval Air Optical Reconnaissance System (VOLANS) , developed by the German Defense Technology and Equipment Bureau. The small drone launched by the system is an improved version of the Aladdin handheld launch system being used in the Netherlands and Germany, namely the constellation launching system and the Aladdin drone.

The constellation system is installed in a sealed pressure-resistant container at the top of the lifting mast. The container can carry up to three drones that can be automatically launched. After the submarine lifts the mast in the depth of the submarine and opens the pressure vessel to fold the cover, the constellation system ejects the drone into the air. In order to control and transmit the drone, the submarine should be floated up to the depth of the dive, and the image detected by the drone during the flight can be received in real time through the antenna installed at the top of the communication mast. At this time, the distance between the drone and the submarine should not exceed 30km. If the reconnaissance area is far from the submarine, the drone can fly near the target area, store the detected image information, fly to the submarine at a predetermined time, and then transmit the data to the submarine.

Pisces launch system and Aladdin drone

The drone can be used to obtain image information of targets near the coast in real time, thus providing information support for the special combat personnel riding on the submarine to enter the enemy coast.

Usually, the drone is used for one-time use, and it crashes into the ground after completing the mission. In the case of a very small threat, the submarine can float to the surface to recover the drone, otherwise it will not be able to recycle. From the perspective of the development of drones in Germany, the submarine-launched drones are mainly used to support special forces operations. Due to the limitation of communication technology, the operational methods of German submarine-launched drones are still relatively simple.

Germany and Spain are working together to develop Barracuda. It is reported that the Barracuda drone will have anti-interference ability and consider stealth performance to some extent.

United Kingdom

The UK developed a verification machine Raven similar to the B-2 bomber. It is expected that between 2015 and 2020, Raven drones will enter the practical application stage. In addition, TAE's Taranis is said to be the largest drone ever, carrying precision-guided bombs for long-haul flights.

Bionic robots developed by BAE Systems of the United Kingdom can be used as small creatures such as bees and cockroaches to transport monitoring devices and monitor targets. The Harvard University Antibiotics Laboratory developed a machine flies capable of detecting toxic chemicals weighing 60 mg, 0.8 cm in length and 3 cm in wings.

India

In 2005, the Indian Aviation Development Institute (Bangalore) announced that it will cooperate with Israel Aircraft Industry Corporation to develop three types of drones: the long-runner "Rustom" unmanned aerial vehicle and tactical unmanned aerial vehicle. "Gagam" and short-range unmanned aerial vehicle "Pawan". Among them, "Rustum" was listed as the first development target, the project cost 100 million US dollars; "Gagham" is born out of the troubled Nishant drone plan, the aircraft is planned to have a combat radius of 250 kilometers and 6000 The practical ceiling of the meter; the 120-kilogram "Pawan" aircraft is similar to Israel's "I-View", "Hermes" 180 and "Silver Arrow" unmanned aerial vehicles. . In 2007, India also planned to develop high-altitude long-haul and small unmanned aerial vehicles, and the Indian Navy also plans to equip its warships with unmanned helicopters.

Also in 2007, the Indian Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) announced plans to purchase 100 unmanned combat vehicles. The Indian Air Force plans to perform tasks in the future using a mix of conventional and unmanned combat aircraft. The current design work is underway, and the Indian Aviation Development Institute showcases some very special designs (such as tailless designs and B-2 shaped solutions), including the use of some new control airfoil and three-dimensional vector thrust control technology (India Aviation Development). The hospital claimed to have mastered the technology). According to the design requirements, the unmanned combat aircraft will have high-speed maneuverability and self-defense attack capability, and the development work is expected to be completed in 2020.

In addition, the Indian Aviation Laboratory (NAL) also conducted a flight test in 2007 on a micro drone with a 30-hour Battery life and a mission radius of 2 km. The drone uses a cluster control logic design. Launched at a speed of over 54 km/h.

The development of drones in India has always been the responsibility of the Indian Aviation Development Institute . The first drone developed by it was the "Ulka" airborne launch target , which has produced 75 aircraft since 1975. The Indian Aviation Development Institute began developing the "Lakshya" ground-launched target drone in 1986 . The "Laksia Mk2" drone (tested in 2009), like other drones developed by the institute, has a fully digital flight control system for fully self-controlled flight. The "Laksia" drone was also transformed into a medium-range unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and a cruise missile (still in the prototyping phase). On July 17, 2005, the "Laksia" unmanned aerial vehicle was officially introduced to the Indian Air Force (its target aircraft type was delivered to the Air Force as early as 1999), and the unmanned aerial vehicle restructuring of the "Laksia" target aircraft was alleged to begin in 2003. year. In 2007, 27 aircraft were on the production line of HAL. Twelve of these unmanned aerial vehicles will be delivered to the Indian Army. Its mission radius is 370 kilometers and the practical ceiling is 8993 meters.

The aforementioned "Nishant" unmanned aerial vehicle project was also developed by the Indian Aviation Development Institute, which used a conventional push-back double-tailed fuselage configuration and first flew in 1995. Originally designed as a remote surveillance aircraft, the aircraft is equipped with a digital flight control system that flies according to the route of the preset navigation point. In 2007, the "Dawn" aircraft was tested in a fully automatic control mode for 4.5 hours. The aircraft is roughly equivalent to Israel's "Searcher II" unmanned aerial vehicle , and its load can be an imaging sensor or an electronic support device (ESM). The performance parameters of the "Twilight" aircraft are: 6.64 meters wingspan, 4.63 meters long, the maximum takeoff weight is 250 kilograms (load 60 kilograms); the endurance time at 3600 meters is 4.5 hours (maximum speed 185 kilometers / hour, The cruising speed is 125-150 km/h) and the practical ceiling is 4000 meters. The power is provided by a 52 hp rotary engine. In addition, the "Dawn" UAV also has a video downlink data link with a transmission distance of 100 kilometers and a command data link with a transmission distance of 160 kilometers. According to the test flight in 2007, the average overhaul interval of the aircraft was 600 hours (the average engine overhaul interval was 200 hours). The future Dawning Mk2 version will have a 10-hour battery life and fuel capacity will increase from 56 kg to 100 kg. This version also features a wheeled take-off and landing device for regular take-off and landing on the runway. The machine also uses a new sensor constant flat bracket system. In October 2005, the Indian Army ordered 12 sets of "Dawn" UAV systems; in May 2006, the Indian Aviation Development Institute also demonstrated the "Dawn" UAV system to the Indian Coast Guard. According to a report in July 2009, the Indian Army will soon be able to receive the "Dawn" UAV system.

The original "Rustum" UAV fuselage was evolved from the Indian Airways Development Institute's Lightweight Duck Wing Research Vehicle (LCRA), a research and development team led by Professor Rustum Damana. Developed in the 1980s, in order to commemorate the death of Professor Rustum in 2001, the model he designed was also named "Rustum". In addition, the original "Rustum" aircraft was apparently based on the conversion of the Lutan "Long-EZ" aircraft, mainly for the development of verification flight control technology and aircraft subsystems. The aircraft uses a flying wing layout with two vertical airfoils on the wing tip and a push-type propeller engine. This machine, which is called "Rustum-1", has a 12-hour battery life and can carry a load of 75 kg. The practical ceiling is 6096 meters to 7620 meters. Later, the "Rustum-H" drone was extensively modified and adopted a specially designed fuselage. Its performance parameters are: wingspan 20 meters, fuselage length 14 meters, maximum takeoff weight 1800 kg ( The load is 350 kg); the maximum speed is 225 km/h, the cruising speed is 174 km/h, the patrol speed is 124 km/h, and the effective distance of the data link is 350 km. (If the satellite data link is used, the effective distance can reach 1852. Km), the general task height is 9144 meters (the practical ceiling is 10668 meters); when the patrol mission is performed within 1000 km from the control station, the battery life can exceed 24 hours. In 2008, the Indian Aviation Development Institute estimated that “Rustum-H” will be put into use in 2012. At present, at least one "Rustum" drone model uses an Israeli surveillance radar (possibly EL/M-2022) and optical sensors, while India provides electronic support and communication equipment.

At the "Aerospace India" airshow held in Bangalore in February 2009, it was reported that HAL and Israel Aircraft Industries will jointly develop a naval unmanned helicopter, and the Indian Navy has ordered eight systems. The prototype may be the Naval Rotorcraft Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (NRUAV) drone exhibited by Israel Aircraft Industries at the 2009 International Air Show in Paris.

In 2007, Russia's Saturn Research and Production Co., Ltd. (NPO Saturn) announced that it is preparing to supply 200 small jet engines (36MT engines) to India. Perhaps the arms sales plan may be related to the Indian “Nirbhay” jet drone project disclosed in an Indian blog in 2008, which aims to develop a high-speed unmanned drone and unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. The unmanned system; its reconnaissance model can carry 130 kilograms of load and perform theater-level reconnaissance missions; while the target model can cruise in the hollow at a speed of Mach 0.92. Its design performance parameters are: wingspan 2.5 meters, fuselage length 5.5 meters, maximum takeoff weight 650 kilograms; the main reconnaissance equipment is an X-band ISAR radar (probably Israel's EL/M-206 radar). The "Fearless" project plans to produce 80 drones and 30 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. According to another report, the "Fearless" UAV was originally a product of the feasibility of a joint verification of a medium-range cruise missile between India and Israel. However, due to the withdrawal of Israel, it was originally intended to develop a similar "Tomahawk" cruise. The missile's "Fearless" project turned into an independently developed UAV project in India (in the original "Fearless" project, India and Israel intend to jointly develop a medium-range cruise with a weight of 1000 kg, a speed of Mach 0.7 and a range of 300 km. missile). DRDO showed the "Fearless" drone in a demonstration flight (probably 2008), and the approximate shape of the aircraft can be seen from the photos: unlike the built-in engine of the Laksia aircraft, "Fearless" The engine is mounted on the back of the fuselage.

Source: "Weapons and Equipment Research Selected" International Defense Science and Technology Series (2015, No. 5, No. 15) The Management Research Center of China Electronics Science Research Institute compiled / picture from the original report or the Internet.

Part I: US Aircraft Research Report

Part II: Foreign AWACS Research Report

Foreign AWACS Research Report (1): Development History + Early Warning Aircraft Map

Foreign AWACS Research Report (II): US E-3 Series "Wanglou" Early Warning Aircraft

156.75mm 5BB Mono Solar Cell

1. Excellent anti-PID performance to ensure stability of the module power
2. 5%-20% power gain from rear side at suitable installation
3. High conversion efficiency, average cell efficiency (front side) is 21.6%, highest efficiency is 22.4%
4. Long term efficiency, stability and excellent reliability
5. Low breakage rate and Low LID rate

6. Good color uniformity