Part III: Drone Research Report (nine) Development of drones in countries around the world Japanese and Turkish drones Japanese drone Japan is one of the world's largest users of UAVs, but its applications are mainly concentrated in the civilian sector, while military applications are weak. In the civilian sector, its unmanned aerial vehicles are widely used in services such as agricultural production. Japan’s earliest contact with drones began in 1983, when the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries signed a contract with Yamaha Corporation to develop an unmanned helicopter for the spread of pesticides in rice fields to solve the declining agricultural population. The problem, Yamaha company quickly developed related products based on the research of the early years. By the year 2000, the Japanese agricultural sector used unmanned aerial vehicles to spread 7.7 million hectares of its 17 million hectares of paddy fields. Yamaha was chosen as the prime contractor because of its extensive experience in developing small engines, which can be used directly as a power unit for drones. In 1987, Yamaha developed its first generation of R-50 unmanned helicopters, and the company has also monopolized the domestic civil drone market in Japan. In 2002, the latest RMAX drones totaled 1,800 aircraft, accounting for 90% of the domestic agricultural drones in Japan (2000 in total). Such agricultural drones usually use a separately controlled mode of operation. In order to prevent interference with civil aviation flights, the operating ceiling is generally not more than 150 meters. Yamaha has always focused on the development of civilian drones and has not been selected as the developer of the Japanese Self-Defense Force military drones . It is presumed that the company has no intention of studying the platform automatic control necessary for military drones. system. Compared with other countries' focus on military use, Japan is also the only country that has applied drones to the civilian sector on a large scale. In the military field, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) and the Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) have launched their own drone development projects. In addition, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) uses the "Radio-Remote Anti-submarine Helicopter (DASH)" drone provided by the United States and transforms it into a reconnaissance platform. At the end of 1988, the Air Self-Defense Force decided to develop an unmanned platform with stealth performance based on its existing J/AQM-1 unmanned drone , and signed a contract worth $10.6 million with Fuji. The aircraft is said to be similar in shape to the US space shuttle, which can be launched from the ground or in the air. The earliest prototype was also completed in 1993. Later, this system eventually evolved into a multi-purpose unmanned aerial vehicle used by the current Maritime Self-Defense Force. It has been deployed by the F-4EJ fighter aircraft in the air force of the Air Self-Defense Force and the Air Force. In addition, the Japanese military has also launched a development project to convert its heavily retired F-104 fighter into a reconnaissance drone. In 1991, the Ground Self-Defense Force asked Fuji to develop an unmanned helicopter for ground artillery observation (flight front observation system). In 1993, Fuji completed the development of six prototypes, early 1994 and summer 1995. Concentrated tests were conducted separately. It is expected that after the modification and adjustment, the first system was delivered to the military in 2004 (the military purchased a total of three sets of the system). The unmanned direct observation device has a range of approximately 48.3 kilometers and a combat lift limit of approximately 610 meters. In 1997, Fuji changed it to a civilian model called RPH2 . Its performance parameters are as follows: body length 5.3 meters, total weight 330 kilograms (load 100 kilograms), endurance capacity of about 1 hour, practical ceiling of 2000 meters, power It uses a 83.5 horsepower 2-stroke gasoline engine. In the fall of 2003, the Japanese Ministry of Defense launched a five-year UAV development project, which is expected to be completed by 2009. In addition, in 2003, the Japan Integrated Commissioner (equivalent to the US Joint Chiefs of Staff) and the US Pacific Theater Command jointly launched a UAV development project , the National Sensor Platform (NSP) , which will examine the use of high-altitude long-haul flights. The human platform is used for maritime surveillance purposes (Japan Coast Guard, equivalent to the US Coast Guard, and similar offshore unmanned surveillance platform project started in 2000). In fiscal 2003, Japan began to enter the field of high-altitude long-haul unmanned platform development, which is expected to be completed in 2012. It is reported that Japan is extremely interested in the "Global Hawk" strategy unmanned reconnaissance aircraft developed by the United States. Its ultimate goal is to purchase this type of drone or research the Japanese version of the "Global Hawk" to improve its cruise and surveillance capabilities. In terms of external deployment of the drone, the military model (Mk IIG) of the civilian RMAX unmanned helicopter platform was deployed to Iraq with the dispatched Self-Defense Force in 2005. It is mainly used for surveillance and does not have an attack function. Compared to the civilian model, the Mk IIG features a high-resolution CCD camera, a thermal imager and an enhanced navigation system. The entire reconnaissance surveillance system consists of four aircraft and a ground control station. The performance parameters of civil RMAX unmanned helicopters are as follows: rotor diameter 3.115 m, fuselage length 2.75 m, total weight 95 kg (load 30 kg, oil content), battery life 2 hours 30 minutes (measured by 10 kg load), mission radius (Controllable distance) 2.7 nautical miles, cruising speed 71.48 km / h, the ceiling is 2000 meters. Turkish drone In 1991, the Turkish military received several sets of CL-89 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft from Germany, which is said to be the first drones used in Turkey. At the end of 1992, the Turkish government planned to test several unmanned systems such as “Mosquito 700â€, “Falcon 600†(AAI) and “Searcher†, and prepare to select satisfactory models for equipment. However, this equipment plan was revised due to funding problems. In 1994, Turkey received two ground control stations and six “mosquito 750†systems (in 1998, two similar machines were ordered as backups). At the same time, in order to manage the F-16 fighter jets co-produced in Turkey and the United States, the Turkish government established the Turkish Aviation Industry Corporation (TUSAS), which also developed it during the period from 1989 to 1992 during the production of the F-16. Own "UAV-X1" unmanned system , but this product is not mature and is not in mass production. Later, the company continued to develop the "UAV-X2" unmanned system , which is the "Baykus" unmanned system described later. This model was tested in 2003, but did not receive an order in 2009. Although it is not prominent in the development of unmanned systems, Turkey is a country that proposed the military demand for unmanned systems on an early scale. As early as 1998, the Turkish military listed a huge package plan and prepared for its three armed forces. It is equipped with 14 short-range systems, 8 medium-range systems and 5 remote systems (high-altitude long-haul). However, in 1999, the remote system was reduced. Only 19 short-range systems and a few medium-range systems were expected to be purchased. After that, the situation changed again. The short-range unmanned system that was originally selected for purchase was also taken from the list. Planned, because at this time its domestically developed short-range unmanned system has taken shape. In 2001, the Turkish military again planned to equip 6 sets of medium-range systems and 5 sets of remote systems. By 2004, it was adjusted to 6 sets of medium-range systems and 3 sets of remote systems. A total of 54 unmanned aerial vehicles will be purchased from abroad. The system is mainly provided by domestic companies. Of the 11 medium- and long-range systems planned for purchase in 2001, four of them will be equipped with the Army, three remote systems with the Navy, and two remote systems equipped with the Air Force. In 2002, the Turkish military planned to purchase three sets of spot hollow long-endurance UAV systems for the three armies of land, sea and air (including 4, 4 and 2 aircraft respectively), and to purchase 6 sets of tactics from TUSAS. The machine system, in which the long-haul airborne drones are mainly from the American predator and the Israeli "heron" unmanned system, and finally Turkey chose the "heron" system (purchasing 10 sets). At the same time, TUSAS has also developed the "TIHA" hollow long-haul unmanned system, which will be detailed below. The TIHA hollow long-haul unmanned system was originally considered a short-haul unmanned system in 2005 and was later discovered to be a medium-range drone. In 2005, it was planned to conduct a test flight for the model within 39 months, complete the delivery of the first system within 51 months, and deliver the remaining five systems by 2010. However, in July 2006, Turkey and Pakistan reached a cooperation agreement. The two sides jointly developed a new tactical unmanned system. The aircraft was provided by Pakistan. Turkey was responsible for the avionics system. At that time, the Turkish military planned to purchase 6-7 sets of such systems. In August 2005, the Deputy Minister of Defense Industry of Turkey announced a purchase of 19 sets of miniature unmanned aerial vehicles. The choice was “Bayraktar†unmanned system , which was already in place. The stage of mass production and deployment. It is also alleged that Turkey has always wanted to acquire unmanned aerial combat aircraft, especially the American Predator or Reaper. Source: "Weapons and Equipment Research Selected" International Defense Science and Technology Series (2015, No. 5, No. 15) The Management Research Center of China Electronics Science Research Institute compiled / picture from the original report or the Internet. Part I: US Aircraft Research Report Part II: Foreign AWACS Research Report Foreign AWACS Research Report (1): Development History + Early Warning Aircraft Map Foreign AWACS Research Report (II): US E-3 Series "Wanglou" Early Warning Aircraft Solar Inverter,Pure Sine Wave Inverter,Solar Hybrid Inverter,5000W Off Grid Inverter Jiangsu Stark New Energy Co.,Ltd , https://www.stark-newenergy.com