A charging method capable of bringing the battery to or near a fully charged state within 1 to 5 hours. Commonly used for traction batteries that require charging in a fully charged state in a short period of time. The normal charging of the battery takes about 10 to 20 hours. How to charge quickly without damaging the performance and life of the battery is a hot research topic.

1. After the output voltage is set (for example, 36V), if the battery plate is disconnected and disconnected, causing a certain battery to fail, or a short circuit occurs, the battery terminal voltage [1] is reduced or zero, then the charger There will be no output current.

Electric vehicle fast charging station

2. If the voltage of the bottle is deviated from the set voltage, if the set voltage is 36V, the battery is incorrectly connected to 24V, 12V, 6V, etc., the charger also has no output current. If it is set to 24V, it is connected to 36V battery, because the charger The output voltage is lower than the battery voltage and therefore cannot be charged to the battery. 2. If the two output terminals of the charger are short-circuited, the trigger circuit of the thyristor SCR in the charger cannot work, so the thyristor is not conducting, and the output current is zero.

3. If the positive and negative poles of the battery are reversed during use, the thyristor trigger circuit is reverse-cut, no trigger signal, the thyristor is not conducting, and the output current is zero.

4, the use of pulse charging, is conducive to extending battery life. Since the low-voltage alternating current is pulsating DC after full-wave rectification, the thyristor is turned on only when its peak voltage is greater than the battery voltage, and when the pulsating DC voltage is in the valley region, the thyristor is turned off and stops to the battery. Charging, and therefore flowing through the battery is pulsating direct current.

5, fast charging, full of self-stop. Since the voltage at both ends of the battery is low at the beginning of charging, the charging current is large. When the battery is about to be sufficient (the voltage at the 36V battery can reach 44V), as the charging voltage gets closer to the peak value of the pulsating DC output voltage, the charging current will become smaller and smaller, and it will automatically become trickle charge. When the voltage across the battery is charged to the peak value of the rectified output, the charging process stops. After testing, the three-section electric vehicle battery 36V (12V/12Ah three-section series) can be fully charged with the charger in just a few hours.

6, the circuit is simple, easy to make, almost no maintenance and repair.

Generally speaking, the power of the mobile phone is exhausted, and the time of full charge is about 3 hours. In fact, the time is not too long, but if it is urgent, people will feel that this time is quite long. The previous solution is to take the action with you. The power supply can be directly connected to the battery when there is no power; however, the fast charge technology has been developed, and it takes only 30 minutes to fully charge more than half of the power, which greatly shortens the charging time. What is fast charging technology? What fast charging technologies are there? This article will analyze the principles and applications of fast charging technology.

Meet mobile phone battery

Before introducing the fast charging technology, let's first get to know the "battery" that allows the mobile phone to work normally. The mobile phone battery is a "lithium-ion battery" that can be repeatedly charged and discharged among many battery types, also known as "secondary battery". Although the average person often refers to the lithium-ion battery as a "lithium battery", in fact, the lithium battery refers to a disposable battery that cannot be repeatedly charged and discharged, and the properties of the two are completely different.

Lithium battery is made of lithium metal or lithium alloy as a negative electrode material and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. It was invented by Edison. Later, people used different materials to manufacture a variety of batteries, and they are also widely used in electronic products. Lithium-ion battery (Lithium-ion battery) is charged and discharged by the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. When discharging, lithium ions leave the negative electrode and enter the positive electrode to generate a current. When charging, lithium ions move in the opposite direction. The anode is reduced to a state in which it can be discharged again.

Lithium-ion battery labeling meaning

Lithium-ion batteries that meet safety standards will have clear information on the battery, so users must have a basic understanding of these signs in order to understand the meaning they are meant to express. The indications that may appear on the battery are: A (amperes) is the current; V (volts) is the voltage; W (watts) is the electrical power, which is the product of the voltage and current; Wh (the watt hour) is the battery within an hour. The amount of electricity that can be released. The capacity of the battery is expressed in Ah (Ampere hour, referred to as Anshi) or mAh (mAh), where h is time, m represents a unit that is reduced by a thousand times, and since the capacity of the mobile phone battery is small, mAh is used. In units, the formula is mAh = mA (milliamps) x H (time).

For example, a battery labeled 2,000mAh has a current of 200mA, which means that the battery life is about 10 hours. However, in fact, the battery has self-discharge loss factor. The long battery storage time will affect the use time. It is normal for the exhausted time to be less than the marked time.

â–²The battery with the surface marking Lithium is a non-rechargeable lithium battery, also known as a disposable battery.

â–²In the illustrated battery, the capacity is 2,900 mAh and the voltage is 3.85V, which can release 11.2Wh of electricity in one hour.

â–²For this battery, if you want to know what its Wh is, you can calculate it by the formula Wh = V x mAh / 1000, so you get 7.2V x 1200mAh / 1000 = 8.64Wh.

Mobile phone battery charging principle

When the work to be carried by the mobile phone increases, it means that the battery consumption speed will also become faster. The battery that was originally full may go out for a short time, and the power is only half, although the battery capacity of the mobile phone is getting bigger and bigger. However, it is still difficult to withstand the speed of consumption, not to mention that the time it takes to fully charge a large-capacity battery will be proportionally extended. It is quite common to find out that the mobile phone battery is not fully charged, so the charging speed of the mobile phone is The most direct way. First, a brief description of the charging principle of the battery, a battery will consume power under normal use conditions, this process is called "discharge", after discharging to a certain extent, it has to "charge" the mobile phone through the charger to restore power.

The process of battery charging can be divided into three stages: Trickle Charge (TC), Constant Current (CC), Constant Voltage (CV); because the charger outputs a voltage than the battery. High, so the current will flow from the high voltage to the low voltage. When the battery has over-discharge, because the voltage is low, it must be charged with a small current to a certain amount of power before entering the constant current charging mode. The voltage of the battery gradually rises, and when it rises to a certain value, it is converted into a constant voltage charging mode. At this time, the current will gradually become smaller, and finally the state of full charge is reached.

Non-technical fast charging tips

Before the rapid charging technology has been developed, in fact, some small tricks can be used to achieve the effect of fast charging. Although it is insignificant compared with the real fast charging technology, it is not a small supplement for those in need.

1. Shutdown charging: The mobile phone can speed up the battery full speed without any loss of power;

2. Turn off unnecessary functions: turn off 3G, Wi-Fi, GPS positioning, Bluetooth, etc., or disable some non-essential power consumption programs to automatically operate, you can save charging time;

3. Avoid charging in high temperature environment: Since the heat will reduce the performance of the battery, it is best to charge at room temperature.

Lithium-ion battery charging myth

Q: Do you need to charge the new battery for the first time after 8 to 12 hours?

A: The early nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries do need to be charged for 8 to 12 hours before use, but the current lithium-ion batteries are completely unnecessary. Even if the batteries are fully charged, it takes about 4 hours. The battery has been charged with some power when it leaves the factory. If you want to use it to a certain level, you can charge it.

Q: The battery must be completely discharged before it can be charged.

A: The reason for this recognition comes from nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. These two rechargeable batteries generate a "memory effect" when the power is not fully used up, causing the battery capacity to temporarily decrease. Shorter usage time, so both batteries must be discharged before they can be recharged. However, lithium-ion batteries have no memory effect and can be charged at any time. If over-discharged, it will cause damage to the battery and shorten battery life.

Q: If the battery is fully charged and continues to charge, it will cause damage to the battery.

A: When the phone is fully charged, continue to connect the charger. At this time, the mobile phone is directly powered by the power supply. This reduces the number of times the battery is charged, which is beneficial to extend the battery life. However, if the device is followed by a power game and a phone call, it is possible. As a result, the phone will overheat and affect the battery.

â–² iPhone will jump out of the window to remind the user to charge when the battery is less than 20%, because the battery is too low, it will damage the phone battery.

How to achieve fast charging?

The “voltage” and “current” of the charger output are the two key factors determining the charging efficiency. Each mobile phone charger must indicate the data of these two information. The most common combination is “5V/1A” and “5V/2A”. "The value obtained by multiplying the two is the rated output power (the power that the charger can operate normally and continuously). The larger the output power, the faster the charging speed will be when the battery capacity is constant. There are three ways to achieve fast charging: one is that the current is constant, the voltage is raised, the other is the voltage, the current is increased, and finally the voltage and current are increased.

Does this mean that you can achieve fast charging by charging with a non-original charger with a higher output power? In fact, this statement is true, but this may cause the battery to be overloaded due to excessive power, resulting in damage to the battery of the mobile phone, or even causing the phone to overheat and burn out; however, if the battery is replaced with a higher rated power within a safe load range. It is indeed a way to achieve fast charging.

Fast charging will charge most of the power in the first few minutes or tens of minutes, and the charging efficiency will drop significantly afterwards, but it can save a lot of time compared with the standard charging method.

Fast charging effect

In the foregoing, three stages of battery charging have been mentioned, but in fact, the mode of small current charging only has the phenomenon that the battery has overdischarge, so the normal charging process is mainly the constant current and constant voltage mode, and the fast charging is to shorten the constant current charging. The time, the charging time of the constant voltage is unchanged, that is to say the first 70% of the battery capacity? 80% can increase the charging speed, but the rest can only be charged by slowly decreasing the current.

This is why fast charging technology often emphasizes charging most of the power by increasing the current or voltage in just a few minutes or tens of minutes, because the subsequent charging effect is actually different from the general standard charger. Large, it can be concluded that when the battery power of the mobile phone is extremely low, the advantage of fast charging can be fully demonstrated. If the battery itself has at least 50% of the power, the effect of using the fast charging will be similar to the general charging.

â–²The voltage and current data will be clearly marked on the charger. The charger is a voltage of 5V and a current of 1.5A.

▲When you want to know the actual voltage and current values ​​of the battery, you can purchase the USB test tool on the market for testing.

Qualcomm Quick Charge Fast Charge Technology

Qualcomm published the charging technology of Quick Charge 1.0 several years ago, which can increase the charging power to 10W. The charger with 5V/2A can increase the charging speed by 40% compared with the traditional 5V/1A charging speed. Time is reduced by an hour, which is the ancestor of fast charging technology. All phones using Snapdragon 400 chips have built-in Quick Charge 1.0 technology.

The new generation of Quick Charge 2.0 technology increases the charging power to 36W, and supports 5V, 9V and 12V three voltages and a maximum current of 3A, which not only increases the charging speed by 75%, but also means it can be applied to a variety of devices; Fast charging works, not only must the device support Quick Charge 2.0 technology, but also with a special high-voltage charger (9V, 12V), otherwise the charging effect will be the same as general charging.

â–² Mobile phones and chargers must support fast charging technology to achieve fast charging effect.

In addition to USB, QuickCharge 2.0 can also be used on micro USB, USBtype-c, and has the ability to be backward compatible. Its built-in IC will determine whether the charging device supports QuickCharge 2.0. If it is not supported, it will automatically reduce to the general level. 5V charging, so don't worry about battery damage or the risk of overheating your phone. At present, there are more and more mobile phones supporting Quick Charge2.0 fast charging technology, and some manufacturers have introduced products such as chargers and mobile power supplies. In addition, Samsung's Fast Charge and Asus's BoostMaster fast charging technology have the shadow of Quick Charge 2.0. Its application is quite extensive.

â–² Qualcomm released the latest Quick Charge 3.0 fast charging technology, which greatly improved the charging efficiency.

The latest third-generation fast charging technology, QuickCharge 3.0, uses the "Optimal Voltage Wisdom Negotiation (INOV)" algorithm, which can be charged according to the device's selection of a suitable voltage of 0.6V to 20V, maximizing energy conversion efficiency and charging efficiency. It is 38% more efficient than the previous generation, and provides an additional mechanism to protect the battery life cycle. As long as it is charged for 35 minutes, it can charge the battery from 0% to 80%, which greatly shortens the charging time. It is also backward compatible with versions prior to Quick Charge and USBtype-c, providing an ultra-fast charging experience for more devices. The details are as follows:

According to Qualcomm, a traditional mobile phone can be charged from 0% to 80% in about 35 minutes.

There are two points that Qualcomm promotes Quick Charge 3.0. One is faster charging speeds up to 27% compared to Quick Charge 2.0, reducing power loss by up to 45%. Second, charging speed is 2 times faster than Quick Charge 1.0. .

It sounds quite surprising, but Qualcomm doesn't advertise that the battery will be much slower in the later stages of charging, so although the fast charging technology can make your battery full time reduced by 50%, faster, But it still takes more than an hour to fully charge.

However, we need to pay attention to the fact that Qualcomm is not bragging about how fast the charging speed is and how long it takes to reduce the focus on "improving charging efficiency." To this end, Qualcomm has specially developed a particularly commendable technology called "Intelligent NegoTIaTIon for OpTImum Voltage" and believes that power output can be optimized to protect the battery life cycle.

The first is to optimize the power output. The specific thing about this algorithm is to let the portable device have the ability to select the required power level to achieve optimal power transfer at any time and maximize efficiency. For example, Quick Charge 3.0 can achieve up to 38% efficiency improvement over QuickCharge 2.0.

Furthermore, INOV has the ability to dynamically adjust the charging voltage during the battery charging cycle. When the battery is charging, it absorbs less and less current, which is why the last 20% of the charging time will be longer than the previous 80%. Qualcomm pointed out that as long as the voltage meets the specified range, with the help of INOV technology, the mobile phone can get the benefit voltage and the expected charging current.

The dynamic adjustment of the voltage of the INOV technology naturally brings flexibility in terms of charging options. Previously, Quick Charge 2.0 supported four modes to charge at different power levels, namely 5V/2A, 9V/2A, 12V/1.67A and 20V four-speed charging voltage. The new Quick Charge 3.0 is available in 200mV increments and offers flexible options from 3.6V to 20V.

In general, the focus of Quick Charge 3.0 technology is to significantly reduce the amount of wasted electricity during charging. "Charging efficiency" has become the key word for this technology, and 38% efficiency gains are gratifying. In contrast, a lot of extra power during the previous charging process can not be used to charge the battery, drain and cause heat, and the temperature of the whole mobile phone is increased, thereby reducing the battery life. Through more control over charging sales, Qualcomm minimizes power loss to a certain extent, maximizing charging efficiency and improving thermal performance.

â–²The Rapid Charge charger provides three power and current outputs.

â–²Asus' ZenPower Ultra mobile power supply provides 5V/1A or 9V/2A fast charge mode.

It is worth mentioning that Qualcomm's Quick Charge technology is handed over to various manufacturers and has been modified to look different, such as Motorola's Turbo Charger, HTC's Rapid Charger 2.0, Verus' World Charger, and Pure-gear's Wall Charger. Sony's UCH10, Xiaomi's MDY-3-EB and other charging devices are actually the same. In addition, SAMSUNG's Fast Charge technology is also derived from Qualcomm Quick Charge, and further developed to be applied to Samsung's own Exynos processor.

In addition, Qualcomm announced that there is an Asus Zenfone 2 with Intel processor in the list of supported Quick Charges. It means that the BoostMaster fast charging technology introduced by ASUS is also applied to Quick Charge 2.0 technology. Here is a little reminder that the relevant technology needs to use the corresponding product and charging equipment to have a fast charging effect.

OPPO VOOC flash charge

We know that battery charging is divided into two parts. When the battery is not fully charged, the low-voltage high-current constant-current charging is used. When the battery voltage rises to near 4.2V, it uses constant voltage and small current charging (the current will gradually become smaller). Most people know.

OPPO's solution is to add the first case current from 1A to 4.5A. Multiple sets of batteries are necessary. Otherwise, such a large current can't hold back. Therefore, OPPO chooses to use this technology on its large mobile phones because large mobile phones can be installed. There are many batteries, this is called VOOC flash charging technology.

It provides five levels of protection to create a safe charging environment. However, it is a relatively closed fast charging technology, motherboard, battery, USB cable and charger have been redesigned, so OPPO mobile phone, original charger, USB cable are indispensable, must match each other to play flash Effect.

VOOC flash charging technology can be filled with 75% of battery power in 30 minutes. It is currently only used on a variety of mobile phones. It also has a flash charging mobile power supply and a dedicated car charger. MediaTek's PumpExpress Plus technology delivers up to 15W of energy at a maximum output voltage of 12V using a standard USB charger, charging 0% of the phone's battery to 75% in 30 minutes for fast charging. Pump Express Plus technology controls the voltage between 5V, 7V, 9V and 12V, and the current is greater than or equal to 3A. The charging efficiency is quite good. Currently, this technology has been applied to mobile phones.

â–² VOOC flash charging technology is only used on your own mobile phone, and must be matched with the original battery, USB cable and charger to achieve fast charging effect.

Insiders understand that the charging process of the conventional mobile phone is that the adapter will step down the 220V AC to 5V DC, and adjust the battery to 4.2V through the charging control circuit to charge the battery. In the voltage regulation process, the power will be generated due to the loss of power. Phenomenon (this is why we often say that mobile phones will heat up when charging). VOOC flash charging technology transplants the charging control circuit to the charger, transplants the heat source to the adapter, and transfers the heat problem of the mobile phone.

In addition, the VOOC flash charger also has a special chip called MCU chip, which replaces the charging control circuit in the traditional charging. This chip can automatically identify whether the current charging device supports VOOC flash charging. In addition, its charging port, although also MicroUSB, has 7 pins, the battery is also specially made, and the contacts reach 8.

Special adapters, batteries, data lines, circuits, interfaces, all of which are sufficient to enable flash charging and achieve a 4.5A high current output input. If it is detected that it is not supported, it will automatically use the stable charging current to achieve slow charging.

It should be said that the OPPO solution works well, the measured effect is better than Qualcomm's solution, and it has also developed to the second generation, and has derived a car charger and charging treasure that supports VOOC flash charging. Its weakness is that every part of the entire charging has to be modified, and the cost is high. It is an OPPO patent. At present, apart from several mobile phones of their own, other manufacturers have not adopted it (OPPO does not seem to have been promoted), in view of OPPO For the time being, there is no Qualcomm's appeal, and its promotion is more difficult than Quick Charge.

â–²OPPO flash charger has an output value of 5V/5A in fast charge mode and 5V/2A in normal charge mode.

â–²Be sure to use the original wire to match the charger that supports fast charge, otherwise there will be damage to the device.

MediaTek Pump Express

MediaTek is late for the development of fast charging technology, but also introduced the Pump Express Plus charging technology. Pump Express Plus emphasizes the ability to deliver up to 15W of energy at a maximum output voltage of 12V using a standard USB charger, allowing the mobile device's battery to be quickly charged from 0% to 75% in 30 minutes. MediaTek Pump Express Plus technology controls the volts between 5V, 7V, 9V, and 12V, and the amperage is greater than or equal to 3A. From the volts and amperage of the output, MediaTek Pump Express Plus does provide pretty fast power.

â–² MediaTek launched the PumpExpress Plus fast charging technology, which has also been applied to a variety of mobile phones.

Pump Express technology is built into the PMIC's power management IC. Pump Express is characterized by allowing the charger to determine the initial voltage required for charging according to the current. The pulse current command sent by the PMIC is transmitted to the charger via the USB Vbus. The charger adjusts the output voltage according to this command, and the voltage gradually increases up to 5V. Maximum charging current.

MediaTek currently has two fast charge specifications:

(1) Pump Express provides less than 10W (5V) output power for fast DC charger, controlled output voltage: 5V/4.8V/4.6V/4.4V/4.2V/4.0V/3.8V/3.6V, mainstream output Power: 5V/1A & 5V/1.5A

(2) Pump Express Plus provides the charger with an output power greater than 15W. The difference is that the controlled output voltage is increased by 12V, 9V and 7V, which is 12V/9V/7V/5V/4.8V/4.6V/ 4.4V/4.2V/4.0V/3.8V/3.6V.

At present, in conjunction with MediaTek's fast charging method, Dialog, On-bridge and Tongjia power chip manufacturers have developed a dedicated power management IC for it. It does not need to use the USB data communication port, the line is simple, and the architecture is At present, the traditional USB charger is almost the same, and the power supply design principle is the same, so no detailed explanation will be given here.

From the above description, we can find the advantages of using Qualcomm's fast charging solution: simple control logic, good reliability, and disadvantages: the cost of the charger is 20~30% higher than that of the same power charger. Currently, mobile phone manufacturers in Europe, America and Japan prefer to use Qualcomm's solution.

MediaTek's solution, with a total cost control of smartphones and chargers, is slightly within 10%, catering to the needs of the medium and low-end smartphone products market in China and emerging countries. However, from a technical point of view, the control mode of the current pulse signal requires more verification of its electromagnetic interference resistance and stability.

Since the nature of fast charging is to increase the input power, this will put the safety and service life of the lithium-ion battery itself to the test. Due to the large current or high voltage charging method, the internal reaction of the battery core is violently out of control, and the result of rapid temperature rise may cause fire or explosion, which may cause unimaginable consequences. Therefore, the selection of the lithium battery cell must be more cautious. It is also necessary to make comprehensive protective measures. Fortunately, most of the chargers and mobile power supplies now attach great importance to safety, and directly built various protection mechanisms into the product to minimize possible damage.

To enjoy the convenience of fast charging, in addition to the charger's specifications must support large current and voltage output, the wire connected to it must have the same bearing capacity, so be sure to use the peripheral accessories that are included with the original factory or recommended. There will be no security concerns.

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