Not long ago, China's Huawei company's Polar Code (Polarization Code) scheme became the 5G control channel eMBB scene coding scheme. When the news came out, the pot was blasted on the Internet, and even the media used the "Huawei crushed Qualcomm to win the 5G era" to describe the victory. So, is the media report worthy of the name, in addition to coding, what are the key technologies of 5G?

What is 5G communication?

5G, as its name suggests, is the fifth-generation communication technology, and 3GPP defines the five major scenarios of 5G:

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) is designed to provide users with a 1Gbps user experience rate and a 10Gbps peak rate in densely populated areas. In the traffic hotspot area, traffic density of tens of Tbps per square kilometer can be achieved.

Massive Machine Type CommunicaTIon (mMTC) can not only connect medical instruments, household appliances and handheld communication terminals, but also to smart cities, environmental monitoring, intelligent agriculture, forest fire prevention, etc. Data collection is the target application scenario and provides support for over 100 billion network connections.

Low-latency, high-reliability communication (uRLLC, Ultra Reliable & Low Latency CommunicaTIon), which is designed for intelligent unmanned driving, industrial automation, and other services requiring low latency and high reliability, providing users with millisecond-level end-to-end delay. And close to 100% business reliability guarantee.

It can be seen that compared with 4G communication, 5G communication can provide a wider coverage of signals, and the speed of Internet access is faster and the traffic density is greater. At the same time, it will penetrate into the Internet of Things to realize smart city, environmental monitoring, intelligent agriculture. The deep integration of industrial automation, medical instruments, driverless, household appliances and handheld communication terminals, in other words, the Internet of Everything.

What are the key technologies of 5G communication?

In the channel control eMBB scenario, Polar beat the US LDPC and France's main Turbo2.0. It is believed that Huawei has mastered the 5G core patent and used Huawei to crush Qualcomm and win the 5G era. describe. But this description is more debatable.

The eMBB scene coding scheme that Qualcomm and Huawei compete for is not a core patent in this matter. The core patent is composed of several systems. Generally speaking, the physical layer is considered to be the core technology at the core. This includes coding. The coding can transmit signals on the one hand, and the coding technology can also increase the anti-interference ability. Turbo2 .0, Polar Code, LDPC is the coding scheme currently promoted by France, China and the United States.

The other one is multiple access. The multiple access technology refers to the problem of solving the problem of multiple users communicating with the base station at the same time. How to share resources? The first generation communication uses FDMA technology, and the second generation communication uses TDMA technology. The third generation of communication uses CDMA technology, and the fourth generation of communication uses OFDMA technology. Multilocation in the 5G era is a key point of competition. The popular view is now NOMA. However, Yang Xuezhi, the inventor of 4G's ground-breaking technology "soft frequency reuse", recently wrote "NOMA is just a misunderstanding", and believes that NOMA may not be able to win the 5G era, there are still some variables.

Another key technology is multi-antenna, which is a technology that increases capacity and can theoretically increase capacity by many times. Simply put, based on the existing multi-antenna, by increasing the number of antennas, even configuring dozens or even hundreds of antennas, supporting dozens of independent spatial data streams, the spectral efficiency of the user system is greatly improved. Nowadays, the MIMO technology is relatively hot. The massive MIMO technology can not only reduce the transmission power, reduce the intra-cell and inter-cell interference without increasing the spectrum resources, but also improve the spectrum efficiency and power efficiency on the basis of 4G. An order of magnitude. In addition, RF modulation and demodulation technology is also a key technology.

Why do you say that "Huawei crushes Qualcomm and wins the 5G era?"

The so-called core patent refers to the patented technology that can make basic innovations in the physical layer and master the right to speak. The so-called right to speak is that once the technology is commercialized, it has the technical strength of the big opening of the lion. For example, in the 3G era, Qualcomm has two core patents of soft switching and power control and 2,000 peripheral patents, and has the technical capital of “high-pass tax” levied by global communication companies such as Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, and ZTE. If Huawei only uses a Polar code to form a core patent, the Polar code is not Huawei's original.

The LDPC promoted by Qualcomm of the United States was proposed by Gallager, the international information field, about 50 years ago. After more than 50 years of development and improvement, the technology is very mature. Although some of the ideas cannot be called advanced because of the earlier time proposed. However, after many improvements and expansions, it is still a very good technology.

The Turbo 2.0, which is mainly promoted by France, is the extension and development of Turbo. The Turbo code is one of the codes used in the 4G era, and it is also very mature in technology. The Polar code that China mainly promoted was first proposed by Professor Erdal Arikan (a Gallager student) of the University of Birken in Turkey in 2008. The advantage of the polar code is that it has strong error correction capability and is the only known in the world. Channel coding methods that are rigorously proven to achieve channel capacity are important for the specification management of high-bandwidth networks. In some application scenarios, the same or better performance as Turbo codes and LDPC codes has been achieved. But the disadvantages are also very obvious, that is, the birth time is too short and the technology is not mature enough.

This time, the Polar code beats the LDPC code and the Turbo code to win the eMBB scene short code control channel. As mentioned before, 3GPP defines three major scenarios of 5G: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT communication (mMTC), low latency, and highly reliable communication (uRLLC). Huawei only obtained the control channel of the short code in the eMBB scene, but Qualcomm captured the long code and short code channel of the eMBB scene, and the coding scheme of the mMTC and URLLC scenes is still pending. Aside from the key technologies such as the multiple access technology, multi-antenna technology, and radio frequency modulation and demodulation technology mentioned above, Huawei has only obtained the control channel of the short code in the eMBB scene in coding. Some media claimed that "Huawei rolled Qualcomm. Winning the 5G era, this is not in line with objective reality, but also quite suspected of killing.

It is true that this time we can occupy a place in the formulation of coding standards is the embodiment of the victory and strength of China's communications industry, but it is also worth noting that the partial victory achieved is defined as “taking the 5G era”.

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