The United States launched a trade war and targeted "Made in China 2025." 5G will accelerate the fourth industrial revolution and have already risen to a national strategic position. Is there any relationship between them? A long article, read the reason behind. A war triggered by the Fourth Industrial Revolution Humans have experienced three industrial revolutions. Each industrial revolution has brought about tremendous changes in the mode of production of humans, and has also led to different forms of war. The first industrial revolution originated in the 18th century and created the era of using steam engine power instead of manual labor, which triggered the war to enter the era of hot weapons from the cold weapons era; the second industrial revolution took place between 1870 and 1914 and created electricity. In place of the steam power era, the war was triggered into the era of mechanization; the third industrial revolution began after World War II. Informatization and digitization revolutions have made traditional industries more mechanized and automated, and war has entered the information age. The fourth industrial revolution is coming. This is an era of intelligence. The background of the trade war is nothing but a war of intelligence. Since the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008, the economies of the traditional European and American countries have been hit hard, prompting them to recognise the importance of manufacturing. They have proposed the "reindustrialization" revitalization plan and intend to reconstruct the manufacturing chain by upgrading high-end manufacturing technologies. Drive economic development and employment. The US launched a trade war is not a temporary whim. As early as June 2011, the Obama administration launched the American Advanced Manufacturing Program (AMP) and proposed a "manufacturing flow back" to ensure that the US advanced manufacturing leadership and set up a national manufacturing innovation network (NNMI). ) To accelerate the application of scientific research achievements to the industry. In 2011, Germany proposed "Industry 4.0". Its core system, the Cyber-Physical System (CPS), depicts us a hacker empire-like scene where the virtual digital world and the physical world meet. In the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†put forward by China in 2012, smart manufacturing, next-generation mobile communications, triple play, internet of things, and cloud computing are listed as strategic industries. In 2015, China announced the implementation of "Made in China 2025" and strived to move toward manufacturing a strong country in 2025. In the meantime, Japan also proposed the "Japan Industrial Rejuvenation Plan" and a new robotics strategy to revitalize the manufacturing industry and respond to the aging of the population; South Korea proposed "manufacturing innovation 3.0" to encourage the transformation and development of the manufacturing industry and promote the IT industry. The integration of the main industries and new industries. China's "Made in China 2025", the United States' "AMP", and Germany's "Industry 4.0" are collectively referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. They all aim to take advantage of major breakthroughs in science and technology to promote major changes in the structure of the economic industry. So, what is the fourth industrial revolution? What is the fourth industrial revolution? The following fourth industrial revolution is collectively referred to as Industry 4.0, and its core content can be simply summarized as follows: One, one, and three integrations. One: Manufacturing Service "Service manufacturing" is the future trend. By 2025, manufacturers will obtain more revenue from services, not just products. The so-called manufacturing service-oriented means that manufacturers will undergo fundamental and disruptive changes in the entire product life cycle of logistics, product design, shop automation and customer relationship management, in order to realize the expansion of the value chain and shift from a single sales product. Provide product plus service. Three Integrations: Horizontal Integration, Vertical Integration, and End-to-End Integration Horizontal integration The so-called horizontal integration refers to the realization of seamless cooperation or horizontal integration of value chains from the procurement, production, and sales processes to ensure that each link of the entire value chain can be controlled in real time and provide real-time products and services. This process will have a huge impact on traditional product design, manufacturing, sales, and maintenance. The industry will reshuffle, new players will emerge, and traditional players will disappear. This will also encourage traditional manufacturers to transition to integrated product service providers. This horizontal integration also means that today's "Taobao model" will eventually be eliminated. Vertical integration In an enterprise, multiple information systems are usually vertically aligned with each other as a chimney. Vertical integration is to connect these “chimneys†to realize seamless connection of all internal links in an enterprise to increase production efficiency and achieve customized production. End-to-end integration End-to-end integration refers to the integration of the product's entire life cycle. It establishes long-term relationships with customers and products sold through the network, and constantly optimizes or redesigns products from the data feedback from customers or products to achieve product-centricity. "Changes centered on product service." To achieve "three integrations", the ICT infrastructure is the foundation and the key needs a network. The core system of Industry 4.0 proposed by Germany is CPS (Cyber-Physical System), which is defined as a system where the virtual digital world and the physical world meet, that is, CPS integrates ICT and control technologies into traditional industries. At the same time, technologies such as Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence are used to implement automatic analysis, judgment, decision-making, and learning and growth to assist or replace human decision-making. Obviously, CPS needs to support 5G networks such as big data analysis, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing. What does 5G mean for Industry 4.0? A high-performance wireless network connects the massive sensors, robots, and information systems in the plant. It is connected with massive data and high-quality data. It constantly "feeds" artificial intelligence and feeds back analysis and decision-making to the factory. At the same time, 5G wide coverage of the Internet of Things Covering the world, linking widely distributed or cross-regional products, customers, suppliers, etc., maintains full connectivity to the entire product life cycle, enabling vertical/horizontal integration and end-to-end integration of the plant inside/outside. In short, the future factory is a fusion of digital virtual and physical reality. ICT technology is integrated with modern manufacturing to increase industrial production flexibility, traceability, versatility, and production efficiency, opening up new business models for manufacturing. . The boundaries between the interior and the exterior of the factory are becoming more and more blurred. The factory is no longer a closed entity but a part of a huge value chain and ecosystem. This is called a "virtual factory." How 5G Drives Industry 4.0 Driven by Industry 4.0, it relies mainly on three key 5G technologies: new air interface (NR), network slicing, and edge computing. New Air This refers to the 5G wireless connectivity. As we all know, 5G defines three scenarios: eMMB, URLLC, and mMTC. eMMB refers to high-speed connections, URLLC refers to ultra-low-latency, ultra-reliable connections, mMTC refers to very large-scale connections, and Industry 4.0 miles. All three scenarios will apply. Let's take a look at the four typical connections of future factories: mobile robots, factory automation, new human-machine interfaces, and logistics, and see how they correspond to the three scenarios of 5G. move robot Mobile robots belong to the category of “flexible factoriesâ€, which refer to free mobile equipment and free reloading production tools to ensure that factories can quickly and cost-effectively switch production between different types of product lines. Adapt to change. To realize a flexible factory, it is necessary to use a wireless connection to replace the existing wired connection in the factory. Only by getting rid of the shackles of the cable, can we freely design, operate, and upgrade interconnected machine equipment and robots. However, as we all know, the stability of wireless connection is usually lower than that of wired connection. Therefore, this requires ultra-reliable, ultra low-latency wireless connection, that is, a 5G URLLC scenario. Factory Automation In an automated factory, in order to increase the efficiency of the production line, real-time monitoring of various sub-components, real-time measurement of product quality, and even real-time optimization of the production line requires ultra-low latency and reliable wireless connectivity. At the same time, applications such as vision control robotic arms, 3D model transmission, and remote digital factories require high-reliability, high-bandwidth communications. Therefore, it is necessary to support three scenarios: mMTC, eMMB, and URLLC. New Human Machine Interface (HMI) The early man-machine interface refers to some serial communication in industrial control devices. For example, inverters, DC governors, temperature control instruments, and data acquisition modules can all be connected to the HMI to implement human-computer interaction functions. Future human-machine interface applications will undergo disruptive changes. With the integration of industrial intelligence and big data, wearable industrial devices and augmented reality (AR) will play an important role in human-machine integration, for example, letting workers wear robots. Exoskeleton equipment, using "wearable industrial equipment + AR technology", integrates information with real-world scenarios, capturing information at any time, receiving cloud instructions, and operating assistance. This requires the network to support both eMMB and URLLC scenarios. Logistics In terms of logistics, from smart warehouse management to logistics and distribution, wide coverage, deep coverage, low power consumption, large connectivity, and low-cost 5G IoT connectivity are required, which corresponds to the 5G mMTC scenario. In addition, the end-to-end integration of virtual factories spans the entire lifecycle of products, connecting to a wide range of sold products, and also requiring low-power, low-cost, and extensive coverage of the 5G Internet of Things, which also corresponds to 5G of mMTC. Scenes. Horizontal integration within the enterprise/enterprise also requires ubiquitous and seamless 5G networking. "Design anywhere, anytime, anywhere and anytime" is the ambition of the smart factory, which in turn requires that the network must adapt to the ever-changing capacity and mobility requirements and even be able to flexibly integrate a variety of different wireless access technologies. Therefore, the 5G network is inclusive. Diversity in support of business is indispensable. In summary, the future factory can not do without 5G connectivity, but the 5G network requires a network to support the eMMB, URLLC and mMTC three major scenes, can not be separated from another key technology - network slicing. Network slice We should explain network slicing more than once. The so-called network slicing is to cut a physical network into multiple independent and logical slice subnetworks. These "slicing networks" share the physical infrastructure and provide different service types to deal with different scenarios. We often compare 4G networks to high-speed traffic systems. You can compare 5G network slices to an integrated urban transportation system. There are roads, subways, light rails, BRTs, and sidewalks, bicycle lanes, etc. Different transportation systems respond to different people. Demand. To create and manage network slices, you need NFV and SDN technologies. NFV, the virtualization of network functions, is divided into three layers in the horizontal direction: the physical resource layer, the virtualization layer, and the service layer, and the vertical is the NFV management orchestration (MANO) layer. â–²NFV architecture • Physical resource layer refers to the underlying physical resources such as computing, storage, and networking. • The virtualization layer refers to a set of virtual resources used to deploy and execute network functions. It virtualizes the underlying physical resources and shares the underlying physical resources in the form of virtual machines (VMs). A virtual machine can contain a certain amount of computations. And storage resources. • The service layer consists of a series of VNFs (virtual network functional units) constructed from virtual resources. VNF can be understood as a modular software functional entity that corresponds to existing physical network elements in the network. • The above three layers are MANO responsible for choreography management. MANO allocates resources according to requirements and configures physical and virtual resources for NF (network function). NFV is responsible for the virtualization of various network elements. It decouples traditional telecommunications equipment hardware and software, and SDN is mainly responsible for separating the control plane and data plane of each network node and extracting control planes to form an independent, centralized Controller (SDN Controller), this controller is equivalent to the backbone of the network. It looks down the entire network from a higher level and issues commands to manage the multi-layer forwarding in the network. The control signaling is no longer a word of mouth. Instead, it focuses on smart management. For example, if the network is likened to the human body, the human body's eyes, ears, nose, hands, feet and other human organs correspond to different NF (network functions), then, SDN is equivalent to the brain, controlling the coordination of various organs. â–² Network Slicing Principle Based on NFV/SDN technology, a 5G physical network "cuts" into multiple logical networks to serve different scenarios of Industry 4.0. There is also a key feature of network slicing - end-to-end QoS protection. Traditional wireless services are mainly provided in a "best-effort" manner. Everyone shares network and wireless resources, but industrial applications require more stringent QoS (network service quality). Network slicing not only provides end-to-end QoS protection, but also Can isolate different services and meet the different service needs of future factories. When the operator created a personalized network slice for Industry 4.0, each network slice meets different use cases and industry-specific requirements, which opens up a new, customized network slice-as-a-service (NSaaS) service model. In the future, traditional manufacturers will transition to integrated product service providers and lay the foundation for the introduction of new business models and business ecosystems. We will see more network slices and network sub-slices applied to Industry 4.0 in the future. The above introduction to network slicing is somewhat abstract. Let's take a case study. Take customized pharmaceuticals as an example. Assume that a pharmaceutical factory has 10 branches distributed around the world. The pharmaceutical process in each branch is the same, that is, the pharmaceutical ingredients are dispensed by controlling the pipette installed on the robot arm. Different from the past pharmaceutical process, now called "customized pharmaceuticals", that is, according to different types of patients to distribute the type and quantity of drug ingredients, for this purpose, these 10 branch plants are connected to the cloud through 5G network, cloud storage massive Patient information data, and through big data analysis and artificial intelligence to determine the composition of drugs for different types of patients, in the production process, the robot arm must be connected to the cloud in real time through the 5G network, and according to the cloud's instructions in real-time dispensing. This case corresponds to a 5G URLLC scenario that needs to be achieved with 5G network slicing with end-to-end QoS guarantee. At the same time, in the production process, the workers use wearable devices, AR technology and other new human-machine interfaces (HMI) to monitor the production process, and real-time enhanced display of video from the cloud, and the installation of numerous sensors on the production line to achieve automated processes, etc. These scenarios also need other 5G network slices to implement. In order to guarantee end-to-end QoS, another key technology is very important when dealing with ultra-low latency and reliable scenes in Industry 4.0—edge computing. Edge calculation Edge computing refers to the sinking of cloud computing and storage capabilities to the edge of the network to bring it closer to the user's end, not only reducing network delay and load, but also deploying new applications based on the local. Edge computing is the cornerstone of Industry 4.0, and it is also a catalyst, mainly in the following areas: • Low delay Edge computing is deployed locally, which means it can provide ultra-low latency, which is ideal for a factory automation environment. It goes without saying. The other big advantage of low latency is that it can stimulate innovative applications, such as the introduction of new human-machine interfaces, and the introduction of remote collaborative augmented reality. •safety Industry 4.0 connects the machines, assets, etc. in the factory through the network and connects to the external cloud through the network. This increases the flexibility and level of automation of the factory. But it also means that the possibility of cyber attacks is more likely, and edge computing will As much data as possible is stored and processed at the edge and does not have to be sent to the cloud, reducing security risks. • Integration Edge computing not only does not need to send all data to the remote cloud, but it can also integrate cloudless integration with factory floor data, ERP systems, etc., to achieve vertical plant integration. •low cost Intelligent manufacturing collects and analyzes data from networked sensors, and makes real-time decisions and predictive maintenance. These data volumes are increasing, which brings enormous cost pressures to data transmission, calculation, and storage. Edge computing can be intelligently collected. Data, filter useless data, thereby reducing costs. In addition, some of the plant's future plant capabilities can be deployed on edge computing through virtual entities, further enhancing plant flexibility and scalability. 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